Pharmacology 3620 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Sympathomimetic Drug, Low-Density Lipoprotein, Adipose Tissue

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4 Apr 2016

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Distribuion of adults by bmi and age group canada 2009-2011. Trend shows an increase in obesity of males and females in all age groups. In some age categories, the rates are very high (40-59 and 60 to 79) Increased health risks for a bmi of 25 or higher. Bmi is a tool but doesn"t correlate body type/weight to health status per say. Does not relect body mass and body types based on ethnicity. Issue is in children: 12-17 years old in the male category more than 40% are obese. More lipids coming out of the liver ectopic lipid deposiion. Muscles that don"t respond to insulin anymore. Vascular disease hypertension (deposiion of lipid in muliple issues (steatosis) Pharmacological treatment of metabolic syndrome muliple drugs required for complex diseases. Metabolic syndrome: obesity + at least 2 of the following: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) Vascular disease / pre-diabetes or type 2 dm.

Related Questions

1. How does prenatal body weight influence theamount of weight a woman should gain during pregnancy?

2. At what week of gestation does the embryonicperiod begin? When does the fetal period begin? When is the mostlikely time a teratogen can do the most damage, during theembryonic or fetal period?

3. What risks are there to a baby if the mothergains too little weight during the pregnancy? What risks are thereto a baby if the mother gains too much weight during thepregnancy?

4. What is the relationship between mercury,fish and pregnancy?

5. What are some of the common gastrointestinaldistresses pregnant women experience? What remedies are availableto manage them?

6. What is fetal alcohol syndrome? How can itbe prevented? When can it be most accurately diagnosed?

7. How does the MyPlate food guidance systemsupport a healthy pregnancy?

8. Why is a prenatal dietary supplementrecommended throughout pregnancy?

9. What benefits are there to exercising duringpregnancy? How should exercise be modified during eachtrimester?

10. What is one of the best ways to trackgrowth in children? What are you looking for when you trackgrowth?

11. What benefits to the infant are provided bybreastfeeding?

12. What benefits to the mother are provided bybreastfeeding?

13. What nutrients are vital for supportingdental health in infants and children?

14. Although breast milk has advantages overformula, breastfeeding not recommend if the nursing mother haswhich conditions?

15. At what age is it safe to switch fromformula or breast milk to cowâs milk?

16. Which solid foods should be introducedfirst and at what age and why: cereals, vegetables, andfruits?

17. Do infants have the same AMDRs as adults?If not, how are they different? Is the grams/kg body weight forprotein higher or lower for an infant compared to a teenager oradult?

18. Does eating sugary foods lead tohyperactivity in children? If not, what does?

19. What is the division of responsibilitybetween caregivers and children for feeding?

20. How would you outline a healthy dailyschedule and meal/snack pattern to follow for a preschooler and aschool-aged child?

21. Can the MyPlate tool support childhoodnutrition? How? What other tools can be used?

22. What are the consequences of obesity inchildhood? How can childhood obesity be prevented?

23. How can food allergies be prevented andmanaged in childhood?

24. The rapid weight gains that girlsexperience during adolescence begin at what ages? Forboys?

25. Are the AMDR guidelines for adults the sameas for teenagers? What are these guidelines? (Percent calories fromfat? Carbohydrate? Protein?)

26. Why are calcium and iron the most importantminerals for teenagers? Does gender make a difference?

27. If teens are overweight and it isunrealistic to believe they will grow into their current weight?What rate of weight loss is recommended in terms of pound(s) perweek?

28. Describe the typical diets of teens thatsmoke?

29. What is the nutritional consequence alcoholfor teens?

30. Adolescences should be physically activefor how many minutes/day?

31. How does body composition change over theyears? Is there anything one can do to affect this change?

32. Does Basal metabolic rate increase ordecrease with age? Why? Will the elderly need more or fewercalories per kilo body weight than those who are middleaged?

33. Do the elderly need more or less fluid percalorie intake than younger adults? Why?

34. If an elderly person has osteoporosis, canhe or she do anything to improve this condition?

35. How can a poverty-stricken older adult beassured of eating healthy meals on a regular basis?

36. Why is exercise important for theelderly?

37. How many calories are there in a gram ofalcohol? Why does consuming 2 alcoholic drinks in a man has thesame physiological affect as one drink for a woman?

38. What practices will decrease the rate ofalcohol absorption into the blood?

39. Define moderate alcohol intake in terms ofdrinks per day for men and women and say how it relates to HDLcholesterol.

viridianleopard15

CDC study says cigarette price hike would cut demand

ATLANTA (Reuters) -- A 50 percent increase in cigarette prices would cut overall consumption by 12.5 percent, with even greater declines in smoking among minorities and young adults, federal health experts said Thursday. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said a statistical analysis of smoking habits since 1976 suggested that raising cigarette prices by 50 percent would result in about 60 billion fewer cigarettes smoked per year

Increasing the price of cigarettes by 50 percent would cut consumption by 7 percent among Caucasian-Americans, 16 percent among African-Americans, and almost 95 percent among Hispanic-Americans, the CDC's mathematical model predicted. "If there is a price increase, there will be much more of a decline in consumption among minority groups than there will be among Caucasian-Americans," said Michael Eriksen, director of the CDC's Office on Smoking and Health. The agency said that for sampling and statistical reasons, the estimated huge reduction in smoking among Hispanic-Americans was subject to greater error than the figures for Caucasian-Americans or African-Americans. The study was based on national cigarette price and sales figures and a National

Health Interview Survey of 355,246 people, almost one-third of them smokers, conducted between 1976 and 1993.

Younger Hispanic-Americans may be more likely to quit

"We really don't think a 50 percent price increase would eliminate smoking in Hispanic-Americans. It might virtually eliminate it in some younger Hispanic-Americans," said Terry Pechacek, a visiting scientist at the Office on Smoking and Health. The CDC said younger smokers would be more likely than older smokers to quit or reduce the amount they smoked because of price increases. The study predicted a 50 percent price increase would cause consumption to decline 29 percent among those aged 18 to 24. Researchers said price increases would also lead to declines in smoking among African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans above age 25. "The tobacco industry has been trying to scare the public, saying that a price increase would be unfair and hit minorities the hardest. In fact, it will actually have the greatest benefit from a public health standpoint in minority communities, particularly in the Hispanic community," Eriksen said.

'Price is only one weapon'

Smokers whose family incomes were at or below average were more than five times as likely as higher-income persons to quit smoking because of price hikes.

Researchers said that even after controlling for income and other factors, Hispanic-American and African-American smokers were more likely than Caucasian-American smokers to quit because of price increases. The study said a 10 percent price increase would prompt one-fourth of Hispanic smokers aged 18 to 24 to quit and reduce consumption among African-Americans aged 18 to 24 by 10 percent. Smoking would be expected to drop less than 1 percent among young Caucasian-Americans, the CDC said. Eriksen said the relative lack of price sensitivity among Caucasian-Americans indicated that "price is only one weapon to reduce smoking." "You need to combine price increases with regulations, with education and prevention programs, and cessation. Anyone element alone will fall short in achieving the type of change that's possible," he said.

a. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Study discussed in the CNN article above, what is the overall price elasticity of cigarettes? Based on the estimated elasticity value, is the demand for cigarettes elastic or inelastic? Does this accord with your expectations? Explain why.

b. What are the CDC estimates of price elasticity for Caucasian-Americans, African-Americans, and Hispanic-Americans?

c. Age seems to be a relevant factor for responsiveness to cigarette price increases. What is the estimated price elasticity for young people (aged 18 to 24)? Is this higher or lower than the overall price elasticity calculated in (part a) above? Does this accord with your expectations? Why or why not?

d. The CDC study also presents information for estimates of price elasticity for young Hispanic-Americans, young African-Americans, and young Caucasian-Americans. Calculate the elasticities for each of these three groups, and comment on whether they are elastic or inelastic.

e. Which of the factors that determine elasticity can be identified in the CDC study as being influential in causing differences in the observed elasticity across ethnic groups and age of consumers?

f. The government has taxed the cigarette industry quite extensively over the past decades. According to your analysis thus far, why would the government be so inclined to tax tobacco?

fuchsiagrasshopper6

Pharmacology 3620 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Sympathomimetic Drug, Low-Density Lipoprotein, Adipose Tissue

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