Psychology 2550A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Social Rejection, Artificial Neural Network, Metatheory
14 Dec 2016
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Chapter 166/27/2014 4:57:00 PM
Trait-dispositional level
Types of consistency
Overall average differences in traits of behavior (broad traits)
If…then… situation-behavior signatures of personality
Biological level
Personality is linked to its biological bases and the evolutionary history
fMRI allow us to examine the connections and interactions between genes,
brains and behavior
Psychodynamic-motivational level
Unconscious and self-protective aspects (defenses that develop to reduce
anxiety due to motives & feelings that people find threatening) of personality
Ego psychologists: the person is an active agent and architect of his or her
own future
Behavior-conditioning level
The situation is incorporated into the search for consistency in behavior
The importance of learning and conditioning, and of the social environment –
in the development and modification of behavior, - rejects internal emotions
and cognitions
Phenomenological- humanistic level
The importance of how the perceiver construes the situation
Makes central the role of the “self” as both an object that “knows itself” and
as an active agent
The social cognitive level
The importance of social learning via cognition and observation
Identified individual differences in social cognitive variables (e.g.
expectancies, values and goals)
Began to combine the contributions of multiple levels
Characteristics of a comprehensive personality system
Neural network information processing model:
Focuses on how the person’s internal mental representations or schemas are
related to each other and interconnected – based on the pattern of
interconnections among a large number of simple units (neurons) in the
brain
Neural network information processing models
In these connectionist theories, the nodes in the network are constructs and
their connections are represented by links
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The more often concepts are activated together, the stronger the excitatory
link (bowl – cereal)
The less frequently two concepts are activated together, the stronger the
inhibitory or de-activating links (bowl – guitar)
The cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)
The cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) is a meta-theory that
consists of diverse cognitive-affective units (CAUs). They are mental
representations of the organization & functioning of social cognitive person
variables (expectations, encoding etc.)
CAUs are activated following basic principles of knowledge activation (ability,
accessibility, applicability and salience)
Chronic accessibility and stable organization
Individuals differ in:
The chronic accessibility of different types of CAUs
The stable organization of relationships among the CAUs available in the
personality system
If…then… personality signatures in CAPS
Behavioral expressions of a person’s personality structure are seen in his/her
characteristic if…then… personality signatures
The activation of CAUs changes from one situation to another, but the
personality structure (network of organized inter-connections among the
CAUs) remains stable
The rejection sensitivity (RS) signature
The rejection sensitivity (RS) is a personality disposition defined by a
tendency to expect and over-react anxiously to potential rejection cues
High RS people are more aggressive than low RS people in situations where
they perceive rejection
The narcissistic signature
Narcissists are vigilant for opportunities to affirm and bolster their grandiose
self-concepts
Morf et al: the narcissistic personality type- people try to regulate their own
behavior to be consistent with desired selves (or self schemas) that they are
trying to build and maintain
A grandiose yet vulnerable self-concept drives them to seek continuous
external self-affirmation in the social arena
Personality development and change
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Individual differences in temperament or reactivity become visible early in
life
They interact with many other psychological, social, and biochemical factors,
and these all influence the cognitive/affective structures that evolve rapidly
in the first few years in life
Features and findings integrated from each level
Trait dispositional level
CAPS has been shown to predict and generate both Type 1 and Type 2
consistencies in behavior
When “ifs” change, so does behavior, but in predictable ways due to stability
in the network of interconnections among the CAUs
Biological level
Biological pre wiring constrains and guides how to CAPS structure integrates
different types of information and experiences
Features and findings integrated from each level, cont’d
Psychodynamic-motivational level
CAPS often operates automatically and outside conscious awareness
CAPS incorporates both automatic processing (e.g. “hot” emotion-driven
processing) and controlled processing (e.g. “cool” more reflective
processing)
Behavioral-conditioning level
The CAPS personality structure continuously interacts with situations
experiences
The CAUs include expectations and other schemas that reflect the
individual’s social learning history
Phenomenological-humanistic level
CAPS emphasizes that the psychological situation is perceived and appraised
by the individual
Social cognitive level
CAPS represents cognitive social variables such as expectancies, goals,
values and self-regulatory competencies as interconnected CAUs
External and internal sources of activation
Activation of the system has two sources
External activation comes from the situations encountered at a given
moment in time
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Overall average differences in traits of behavior (broad traits) Personality is linked to its biological bases and the evolutionary history fmri allow us to examine the connections and interactions between genes, brains and behavior. Unconscious and self-protective aspects (defenses that develop to reduce anxiety due to motives & feelings that people find threatening) of personality. Ego psychologists: the person is an active agent and architect of his or her own future. The situation is incorporated into the search for consistency in behavior. The importance of learning and conditioning, and of the social environment in the development and modification of behavior, - rejects internal emotions and cognitions. The importance of how the perceiver construes the situation. Makes central the role of the self as both an object that knows itself and as an active agent. The importance of social learning via cognition and observation. Identified individual differences in social cognitive variables (e. g. expectancies, values and goals)
