BIO 330 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Guanylyl Cyclase, Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate, Smooth Muscle Tissue
BIO 330 Lecture notes 24:
• What is thyroid hormone
• derivative of tyrosine - steroid
• TR
• INTRACELLULAR BINDING
• What does NO do, what does it bind to and what does that result in?
• Activated by acetylcholine binding
• NO triggered to diffuse from endothelial to smooth muscle cell
• Binds to guanylyl cyclase to convert GTP -> cyclic GMP and cause relaxation
• Viagra activates same pathway by relaxing the blood vessels of the penis and
promoting erections
• What is acetylcholine, what does it do, and what does it bind to?
• derivative of choline
• exitatory neurotransmitter
• What is GABA
• derivative of glutamic acid
• inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS
• released from nerve terminals
• Name the three different things acetylcholine can do
• slow heart contractions
• cause salivary gland to start secretion
• cause skeletal muscle to contract
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• What are the two types of hormone responses and which hormones do which type?
• Fast = altered protein functions = protein/peptide
• Slow = altered protein synthesis = steroid hormones
• Which type of signals cannot cross the cell membrane?
• hydrophilic
• Why is a relay useful in cell communications
• allows you to amplify signals with high fidelity without interference
• What is the first class of receptors?
• ion channel-coupled receptors
• (ligand gated ion channels)
• signal binds and opens or closes the ion channel
• converts chemical signal => electrical signal
• What is the second class of receptors
• G-protein coupled receptors
• mostly in nose
• 7pass TM protein binds ligan, activates membrane bound G-protein
• G-protein activates/inhibits target protein
• What is the third class of receptors
• enzyme-coupled recpetors
• dimer signal molecule binds to 2 receptors that when are in close contact become
active catalytic domains
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• ORRR
• one signal molecule binds to a receptor made up of two "halves" that then activates
another enzyme
• what is another word for positive feedback
• auto-phosphorylation
• What kind of response does positive feedback generate?
• all-or-none
• What is a short negative feedback delay result in
• attenuated signal (spike, then tamper expression until extinction)
• What is a long negative feedback delay result in
• oscillations
• 5 Ways to turn off responses
• Sequester the receptor into the cell (eventually cycles back out)
• Sequester and destroy receptor
• Inactivate the receptor
• Inactivate one of the downstream responses
• Produce inhibitory protein that inhibits signal transmission
• What are GPCRs
• 7 pass transmembrane proteins often activated by drugs
• Explain the method of GPCR activation
• First messenger binds as a ligand
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