Other than resistance, what challenges are encountered intreating victims with bacterial meningitis through theadministration of antibiotics?

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Deanna HettingerLv2

19 Dec 2018

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18. Health care professionals are concerned over the rise in antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Exposure to antibiotics presents a selective environment that favors the evolution of resistance in bacteria. Which lines of evidence suggest that antibiotic resistance evolved a long time ago in bacteria (pre-dating the use of antibiotics by humans)? How and why has antibiotic resistance evolved in bacteria prior to exposure to antibiotic use by humans? What role does exposure to modern antibiotics play in the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes and mechanisms? Based upon the study by Baym et al. 2016, how does the evolution of antibiotic resistance in different bacterial strains inform drug discovery and better design of antibiotics and antimicrobials for human pathogens?

Health care professionals are concerned over the rise in antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Exposure to antibiotics presents a selective environment that favors the evolution of resistance in bacteria. Which lines of evidence suggest that antibiotic resistance evolved a long time ago in bacteria (pre-dating the use of antibiotics by humans)? How and why has antibiotic resistance evolved in bacteria prior to exposure to antibiotic use by humans? What role does exposure to modern antibiotics play in the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes and mechanisms? Based upon the study by Baym et al. 2016, how does the evolution of antibiotic resistance in different bacterial strains inform drug discovery and better design of antibiotics and antimicrobials for human pathogens?

Evolutionary theory predicted that bacterial resistance toantibiotics would evolve. Given time and sufficient heritablevariability, living organisms including bacteria) will evolve whena selective pressure (like an antibiotic) is introduced. Butevolutionary theory also gives doctors and patients some specificstrategies for delaying even more widespread evolution ofantibiotic resistance. Some of these strategies are givenbelow:

A. Don't use antibiotics to treat viral infections.

B. Avoid mild doses of antibiotics over long time periods.

C. When treating a bacterial infection with antibiotics, takeall your pills.

D. Use a combination of drugs to treat a bacterial infection. E.Reduce or eliminate the "preventive" use of antibiotics onlivestock and crops.

For each strategy, give a justification based on your knowledgeof bacteria and evolution, why this strategy would reduce thetransmission of antibiotic resistance.