What vitamin derived co?factors are used in the citric acid cycle? For each list the enzyme reaction where they are used.

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Sixta KovacekLv2

28 Sep 2019

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4. Which of the following statements is (are) true concerning the citric acid cycle? a. The citric acid cycle is a strictly aerobic pathway b. In the Citric acid cycle, acetyl Co A is oxidized to CO2 c. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD are used in the citric acid cycle d. all of the above e. none of the above

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1. Choose the TWO correct statements describing the citrate cycle.

	ATP is an indirect product of the citric acid cycle
	Acetyl CoA can increase the pool of citric acid cycle intermediates
	Fatty acids can increase the pool of citric acid cycle intermediates
	ADP inhibits Î±-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
	The pool of mitochondrial oxaloacetate can be increased by pyruvate
	All enzymes of the citric acid cycle are found soluble and free in the mitochondrial matrix

2.Which molecule in the net reaction of the citrate cycle contributes to the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

	NADH
	H⁺
	H₂O
	FAD

3. How would a high NADH to NAD⁺ ratio be expected to affect the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction?

	The E1 subunit is phosphorylated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, and the catalytic activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase decreases.
	The last step of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is blocked, resulting in a decrease in activity.
	The pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase-1 enzyme would increase, resulting in pyruvate dehydrogenase activation at an accelerated rate.
	The pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase enzyme activity would increase, resulting in an increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.

1. Integrated metabolism

A. A molecule of glucose that you eat can eventually be transformed into part of a fatty acid that you store. Circle the pathways/cycles below that are part of this overall flow of carbon atoms. Cross out any that are not.

Gluconeogenesis, beta-oxidation, citric acid cycle, glycolysis, urea cycle, fatty acid synthesis

B. Trace the metabolic path of this glucose molecule through the enzymes it encounters along the way to being made into fat. Write all the enzymes in the list below into the proper places in the figure below. If the enzyme is not used, write its name in a ânot used" column. If it is used, write the enzyme in the order that the carbon atoms from glucose encounter the enzymes.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase, fumarase, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, hexokinase, carnitine acyltransferase, ATP synthase

B. What is the minimum number of glucose molecules that would be necessary to be the carbon source for synthesis of a 16-carbon fatty acid through this pathway?

C. How many net glucose can be made from one molecule of a 16-carbon fatty acid?

2. Describe each cycle/transport system (compounds, compartments, tissues) and explain its purpose:

A. citrate transport system

B. Cori cycle

C. glucose/alanine cycle

Explain the logic of these pathway regulations:

A. Phosphofructokinase, not hexokinase, is the main regulation site of glycolysis.

B. SuccinylCoA inhibits the entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle.

C. NADH inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase.

D. Citrate inhibits the citric acid cycle and activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

E. Insulin leads to activation of glycogen synthase.