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23 Nov 2019

What is meant by dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system?

a) both branches of the autonomic nervous system innervate most organs with the same function so that an organ will continue to function if one branch is damaged

b) the autonomic and somatic nervous branches of the parasympathetic nervous system innervate most organs with opposite functions: one to maintain rest and the other to increase activity

c) both branches of the autonomic nervous system innervate most organs with opposite functions: one to maintain rest and the other to increase activity

d) there are two somatic neurons going to each muscle so that a muscle can still function if one neuron is damaged

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Trinidad Tremblay
Trinidad TremblayLv2
25 Aug 2019
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Related questions

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3

2

13

4

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyer’s patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the body’s assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the body’s metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroid’s two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: • Breathing • Heart rate • Central and peripheral nervous systems • Body weight • Muscle strength • Menstrual cycles • Body temperature • Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

Please help me check my answers and correct them if needed.Thank you!

1. Which statement regarding malnutrition is true?

Malnutrition of one nutrient may directly and indirectly affectonly one system

All nutrient deficiencies typically manifest in a matter of daysor weeks.

Most cases of malnutrition in the elderly are directly relatedto a loss of appetite

Nutritional homeostasis should primarily be achieved bydietary alterations.

2. Movement of the stomach/stomach lining upward into esophagusor diaphragm is termed what?

Gastric reflux

Gastric torsion

Hiatal hernia

3. Which of the following is a function of the liver?

produce and secrete insulin

produce and secrete glucagon

metabolize drugs

excrete drugs from the body

store red blood cells

4.
Which of the following regarding malnutrition is true?

ingestion of supplements will prevent malnutrition

malnutrition can be avoided if the recommendations of the foodpyramid are followed

malnutrition in the United States is rare

5. What is protein-carbohydrate malnutrition? A person who:

doesn't eat enough protein or carbohydrates

eats to much protein and not enough carbohydrates

eats to much carbohydrates and not enough protein

eats to much protein and carbohydrates which interferes withabsorption and digestion of other nutrients

6. Which vitamin is stored in the tissues?

A

B

C

7. The menstrual occurs within 3 or 4 days of which of thefollowing changes in the blood?

increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone

increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen

increase in progesterone and estrogen

decrease in progesterone and estrogen

8. Which statement regarding sperm production and aging istrue?

Aging increases the amount of sperm produced

Aging has a variable effect on the amount of spermproduced.

Aging causes major changes in sperm cell morphology

Aging causes major changes in sperm cell function

9. Which of the following is a function of the digestivesystem?

Helping with speech

Vitamin A production

Storing blood in the pancreas

Producing erythropoietin

10. Thinning of the enamel, decrease in nerve cells, recedinggums and loss of muscle of mastication coordination are consideredto be what type of changes in the mouth?

Abnormal changes

Age changes

11. A decline in sexual activity with age is primarilyassociated with what age related changes in the physiology of amale?

Decline in frequency of use

Deteriorating self-image

Medication use

Changes in blood flow

12. Which of the following conditions is not apathological change that effects the stomach?

Peptic ulcer

Atrophic Gastritis

Acute Gastritis

Stricture

13. Which of the following is an age related cause for fecalincontinence?

Laxative use

Ulcerative colitis

Colorectal cancer

Disability

Stool softener

14. A decrease in lactase secretion is an age related changeassociated with the _____________.

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

pancreas

15. Which of the following statements regarding atrophicgastritis is true?

causes overproduction of HCL

causes overproduction of intrinsic factor

increase absorption of B12

increase risk for cancer

16. Functional incontinence may be due to a problem withwhat?

cognitive function

autonomic system

urinary bladder

urethra

17. Which of the following is not a function of nutrients?

energy for activities

raw materials for growth

buffer to maintain pH

fluid and electrolyte balance

18. Adenosine triphosphate is produced during all of thefollowing processes, except ______.

Oxidative phosphorylation

Kreb's cycle

Electron transport

Glycation

19. The digestive system helps create nutritional homeostasis,which of the following is one of the four reasons for nutritionalhomeostasis?

nutrients are formed to supply the energy for vitalfunctions

nutrients supply raw materials to synthesize body substances

nutrients counteract against blood so that volume ismaintained

nutrients tear down worn out substances for later use

20. Women with _____ percent body fat has an increase risk for ashorter life span and weight related diseases.

18

22

27

31

21. What amount of protein should be consumed daily by an olderadult?

.25 gram per kilogram of weight

.5 gram per kilogram of weight

.75 gram per kilogram of weight

1 gram per kilogram of weight

22. Stress incontinence is much more common in women than in menbecause women have which of the following?

longer urethra

premenopausal thinning

weakened structures

23. Which of the following is an age related change affectingthe kidneys?

increase in weight

increase in width

decrease in area

decrease in volume

24. Postmenopausal decrease in estrogen leads to age relatedchanges of the _________.

Urethra

Urinary bladder

Ureter

Kidney

25. _______ percent of the working capacity of both kidneys isneeded to maintain homeostasis.

10

20

30

40

26. Which of the following is considered a treatment for urinaryincontinence?

surgical removal of the sphincter

medications to modify bladder function

electric shock therapy

27. Which reproductive hormone provides a decrease risk ofatherosclerosis?

testosterone

relaxin

estrogen

follicle stimulating hormone

28. Which form of cancer in the female reproductive system rankssecond in occurrence?

Ovarian

Cervical

Endometrial

Vaginal

29. Which hormone produced in females seems to stimulate thelibido?

Estrogen

Progesterone

Testosterone

Luteinizing hormone

30. Which of the following regarding prostate cancer istrue?

it is related to having benign prostatic hypertrophy

it is more common in white males

testing for prostatic specific antigen is sensitive andspecific

it impairs the function of the liver

13

Which of the two major categories of the chemical reactions in photosynthesis is oxygen the INDIRECT product?

A

Glycolysis

B

Oxidative phosphorylation

C

Both light and dark

D

Light independent phase (LIP)

E

Light dependent phase (LDP)

14

You have a stomach flu characterized by vomiting. Which of the following systems is most responsible for the food in your stomach going the wrong way, e.g. vomiting? (Disregard this question and answer choice B)

A

Cardiac Muscle in the large intestine as discussed in class.

B

Smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract

C

Smooth muscle in the blood vessels

D

Skeletal muscle in the intestine

15

Proteins are made from which of the following smaller sub units?

A

Nucleotides

B

Amino acids that cannot enter the blood stream and go to cells

C

Monosaccharides

D

Fatty acids

E

Amino acids which can form new protein

16

Carbohydrates are digested in the gastrointestinal system into which of the following substances that is the smallest structure?

A

Polysaccharides that are produced by glucagon

B

Monosaccharides that are produced by insulin

C

Monosaccharides

D

Polysaccharide

17

Which of the following biomolecules has the longest digestion time? In other words, how long does it take for the biomolecule to be catabolized?

A

DNA

B

Lipid

C

Carbohydrate

D

Protein

18

You are sunburned after a long day at the beach. Which one is not an example of UV damage to your skin cells?

A

A mutation can occur in your ovaries

B

A mutation can occur in skin cell DNA that can lead to errors in transcription.

C

Errors can occur during DNA replication.

D

UV light can cause mutations in DNA of skins cells.

E

Thymine bases in your skin DNA bond with each other instead of across the double helix

19

This region, the ______________ (a) tells RNA polymerase where to bind to DNA while this region, the ______________ (b) tells RNA where to start transcription.

A

(a) promoter, (b) open reading frame

B

(a) start codon, (b) methionine

C

(a) promoter, (b) start site

D

(a) start site, (b) promoter

20

The genetic code is used to translate ______________ into ______________.

A

lipids, nucleotides

B

nucleotides,carbohydrates

C

nucleotides, lipids

D

nucleotides, amino acids

E

nucleosides, amino acids

21

Transcription of a gene has just completed. What are the next steps (in the correct order) to complete expression of that gene?

A

RNA polymerase makes a copy of DNA into mRNA.

B

mRNA is translated in the nucleus and ribosomal RNA moves into the cytoplasm.

C

Gene expression is completed after transcription.

D

mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and with tRNA they interact to form protein

E

Translation machinery moves into the nucleus and mRNA is translated into protein.

22

How is it that a mutation in DNA stored inside the nucleus of a cell can cause a disease affecting multiple organs?

A

This remains an unanswered question in science that scientists are still trying to figure out.

B

The mutated DNA is expressed in multiple cells through the process of transcription and translation, and the altered protein causes the disease wherever the DNA was expressed.

C

The mutated DNA is expressed in one cell and the altered protein travels to multiple organs to cause disease.

D

The mutated DNA is expressed and the mRNA takes the mutated information to other cells where the altered protein is made to cause disease in that organ.

23

The advantage of sickle cell anemia is which of the following?

A

It decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood cells so that mosquitoes carrying malaria will live

B

It decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood cells so that mosquitoe's blood form will die.

C

It allows the blood vessels to decrease the amount of blood going to the toes and feet.

D

There is none.

24

Which of the following is a purpose of cell division?

A

Cell reproduction

B

Growth

C

Repair

D

All of these

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