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The notochord; dorsal; hollow nerve chord; pnaryngeal slits or clefts; and muscular, post-anal tail are derived characteristic common to all vertebrates. Using an example, explain why some animals are classified as vertebrates, even though they lack one or more of these traits in their adult form.

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Patrina SchowalterLv2
13 Dec 2019
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Related questions

Please write a sentence or twohypothesis for the first question, then describe your reasoning inparagraph form for each question. Points will be rewarded accordingto best use of key vocabulary words and proper description.thanks!


1)Write a one-sentencehypothesis before you write an answer.


Many aquatic invertebrates suchas squid, lobster, and crayfish are capable of very rapid muscleactivity and body movement. They respond to stimuli such as touchjust as rapidly as do terrestrial vertebrates. These capabilitiesof some, but certainly not all, aquatic invertebrate animals occureven though the animals lack myelination of their nerveaxons. Terrestrial animals have myelin covering many of theiraxons.Explain how these fast-moving invertebrates can have rapidresponses to stimuli and rapid onset of muscle movement in thecomplete absence of myelination of their axons. Include adiscussion of the structure of their axons that allows such rapidactivity and explain how it works.





2)Do Not Write aHypothesis.

How do aquaticand marine invertebrates that employ external fertilization avoidtwo major problems %u2013 fertilization of one egg by more than onesperm and fertilization of an egg by a sperm from a closely relatedbut different species.

4.

The chordates share several features which have played asignificant role in the evolution of the phylum. Check all of thefeatures that one would use to exclusively classify members ofChordata and not members of Echinodermata.

a postanal tail during embryonicdevelopment
pharyngeal pouches during embryonicdevelopment
an endoskeleton
a notochord on the dorsal side ofthe gut in the early embryo
deuterostomic development of theembryo

a hollow nerve cord

5.

A number of major evolutionary innovations arose in the fishlineage. Check all of the evolutionary innovations associated withthe fishes.

Teeth arose from the rough scalesof ancestral sharks.
Skeletal developments leading tothe amphibian movement onto land probably evolved from lobe-finnedfishes.
Fish fins are ancestral(homologous) structures to the flippers (forelimbs) ofturtles.
The anterior gill arch formed thebasis for the evolution of the vertebrate jaw.

The swim bladder ultimately led to the evolution of theamphibian urinary bladder.

8.

Select the true statements concerning echinoderms.

They have an exoskeleton made ofhardened calcium carbonate plates.
Echinoderms have radiallysymmetrical larvae that give rise to bilaterally symmetricaladults.
Tube feet are used for locomotionand grasping objects.
Echinoderms are well represented inthe fossil record.

The blastopore of a sea star becomes its anus.

11.

A leafy sea dragon (Phycodurus eques) stays in a fixedposition in the water column as a tourist walks by the display inan aquarium. How is this possible?

The fish counteracts its negativebuoyancy by using its fins.
The fish is essentially hold itsbreath while remaining motionless.
The fish gulps air.

The fish has an operculum and a swim bladder.

15.

The biggest threat to terrestrial life when compared to anaquatic one is

availability of food.
lack of oxygen.
desiccation.

finding mates.

16.

A biologist looking for synapomorphic traits for chordates wouldchoose

segmentation.
possession of a backbone.
possession of an endoskeleton.
indeterminate radial cleavage inthe early embryo.

pharyngeal slits or pouches.

17.

Cartilage and bone contributed to increased size in vertebrates.Evaluate the following statements about these endoskeletal tissuesand determine if they are true or false.

1. A key element of vertebrate bone is a series of dermal ossiclesmade out of calcium carbonate. TrueFalse
2. Bone also contains crystals of a calcium phosphatesalt. TrueFalse
3. Cartilage contains fibers of the proteincollagen. TrueFalse
4. Vertebrate muscles work against bone to provide extraordinarypowers of locomotion. TrueFalse
5. Compared to chitin, bone is much less dynamic and morebrittle. TrueFalse

19.

The breast meat in the bucket of delicious fried chicken isresponsible for

swimming.
flying.
feeding.
jumping.

running.

20.

Whales have truly large body sizes. The only invertebrates thatattain body sizes much larger than humans are giant squids. Whatfeature do whales and giant squids share that allow them to attainsuch large sizes?

Endothermy
Large brains
Highly efficient gills
Internal skeletons

1. CAN BE MORE THAN ONE The arthropods are the most successfulgroup of animals; several key features explain their success. Checkall of the features that one would use to classify members intothis phylum.

growth takes place throughecdysis
a rigid exoskeleton made ofchitin
closed circulatory systems
jointed appendages
a rigid exoskeleton made ofkeratin
segments specialized intofunctional tagmata
2. An entomologist observed a locust sitting on a branch pumpingits abdomen like an accordion. What is the insect doing?
Stretching out its pedipalps
Assisting gas exchange in thetracheal system
Speeding the flow of blood throughits veins and arteries

Clearing its spinnerets

3.Dibenzoylhydrazines are a category of molecules that have beenused as insecticides. They work by blocking ecdysteroid receptors.How does this kill an insect?

The chitinous exoskeleton isdissolved.
The insect can no longer excretenitrogenous wastes.
The insect can no longer coordinateits movements.

The insect cannot molt.

4. The grasshopper equivalent of an ear is found

on the side of its head.
on the abdomen.
Grasshoppers do not have afunctional equivalent to ears.

directly behind the antennae.

5. A snail in your garden and an oyster are quite different inappearance. What would be evidence to justify grouping themtogether?

Both have a mantle capable ofsecreting calcium carbonate.
Both use siphons to obtainoxygen.
Both have sensory antenna.

Both use a radula for feeding.

6.Barnacles are sessile filter feeders but unlike bivalves theyhave internal fertilization. How do they solve this problem?

They are only capable of asexualreproduction.
The filter sperm from the watercolumn.
They are hemaphrodites withespecially long penises.

They get fertilized during free living larval stages.

7. Bivalves lack a radula. How dothey eat?

The gills filter water and extractorganic matter.
The mantle traps and moves sedimentto the stomach for digestion.
Inhalent siphons suck water intothe mouth.

Most bivalves have photosynthetic endosymbionts in the visceralmass.

8.If a marine biology student discovered a dorsoventrallyflattened marine worm, what would be an effective way to determineif the specimen was a flatworm or a ribbon worm?

Examine the morphology of theexcretory system.
Look for a head at the anteriorend.
Determine the number of embryonicmembranes.

Look for an anus.

9.Inside its beak an octopus has a rasping tongue that is usedto tear apart food, which gastropod structure is this analogousto?

Nephridium
Radula
Shell

Mantle

10.Pinworm is spread by contact, and the worms cause severeitching around the anus. Why is it so common?

Insect vectors spread thedisease.
The intense itch produces anintense desire to scratch.
The eggs end up in the soil.

Sometime people don't wash their hands after scratching theirperi-anal region.

11.Why would a leech have a hard time feeding if it did notproduce anticoagulants?

The blood would stop flowing aftera short time.
The leech would have a hard timeremaining attached to its host.
The leech would have a hard timelocating appropriate hosts.

The pain of the leech bite would cause the leech to bedetected.

12.The scolex of a tapeworm contains the mouth and the anteriorneural ganglia.

True

False

13.In what way are a human and a crab similar?

Both have a continuos growthpattern.
Both have closed circulatorysystems.
Vertebrates and arthropods aredeuterostomes.

Both have muscles that pull against rigid skeletons.

14.What is a simple way for determining if an annelids is apolychaete or a clitellate?

The amount of setae
Possession of a closed circulatorysystem
The layout of the digestivesystem

The number of segments

15.At a celebratory dinner for a recent publication, a marinebiologist ordered the lobster claw appetizer. What part did sheorder?

Telson
Uropods
Nauplius

Cheliped

16.Humans have directdevelopment, a closed circulatory system, well-developed eyes, andlarge brains. Which mollusk also shares these features?

Octopus
Slug
Chiton
Nudibranch

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