Biology questions:
Answer the following multiple questions:
1. Essential elements for communication between cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, involved:
A. Signaling cell
B. Signaling molecule
C. Receptor molecule
D. Responding or receptor cell
E. All of the above
2. The signaling cell releases a---------------, which is recognized by the ----------------on the responding cell.
A. receptor protein, signal transducer
B. signaling molecules, signal transducer
C. signaling molecule,receptor protein
D. Electrical signal, Target molecules
3. The inactivation of many cell signaling pathways involves the removal of phosphates from the activated targets. What is the name of the enzyme that can dephosphorylate proteins?
A. Kinase
B. adenylate cyclase
C. GTPase
D. Peptidase
E. Phosphatase
4. Which step is not part of signaling pathway Signaling between cells involves four steps?
A. receptor activation
B. signal transduction
C. cellular response
D. signal termination
E. Transcription termination
5. Once the receptor is ACTIVATED, it transmits a message to the cell through the cytoplasm in a process called SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. This message can remain in the cytosol or go to the nucleus.
A. True B. false
6. RESPOND to the signal involve only in gene expression activation
A. True B. false
7. Signaling termination is a critical point in onset of cancer
A. TrueB. False
8. In multicellular organisms, communication signaling only takes place in short distance between the cells.
A. True B. false
9. Endocrine signaling involves:
A. Cell to cell communication
B. Long distance signaling communication
C. Signaling by means of molecules traveling through the bloodstream
D. A and b
E. B and c
10. In human sex hormones are examples of what type of signaling
A. Endocrine
B. Autocrine
C. Merocrine
D. Paracrine
11. In paracrine signaling what the average distance the signaling molecules will travel
A. Only one cell away
B. 10 cells diameter
C. 20 cells diameter
D. 1000 cells diameter
12. In paracrine signaling, the signal is usually a ------------------------such as -------------------
A. insoluble molecules, actin filaments
B. soluble molecule, growth hormones
C. insoluble molecules, estrogen
D. soluble molecules androgen
13. Autocrine signaling are especially important to multicellular organisms during embryonic development
A. True B. false
14. Paracrine signaling are especially important to multicellular organisms during embryonic development.
A. True B. false
15. There would be no signaling processes in the absence of signaling molecules
A. TrueB. False
16. Which of the following statements about mammalian skin is incorrect?
A. The epidermis is an outer layer that provides a water-resistant, protective barrier.
B. The dermis is the layer below the epidermis containing connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings that provides nutrients to the epidermis and a cushion layer for the body.
C. Epithelial cells in the epidermis are primarily composed of keratinocytes that protect underlying tissue.
D. A specialized form of extracellular matrix, called the basal lamina, underlies the dermis and separates it from tissues below.
E. Fibroblasts in the dermis produce extracellular matrix proteins to make the dermis strong and flexible.
17. What would happen to a cell that depends on flagellar movement if it had no actin?
A. The cell would not be able to move because the cilia would also be affected.
B. The cell would not be able to move.
C. Nothing; the cell would still be able to move.
D. The cell would move by cilia and not flagella.
18. Which is not an example of a motor protein?
A. myosin
B. kinesin
C. venosin
D. dynein
19. Why are the ends of microfilaments and microtubules called âplus endsâ and âminus endsâ?
A. Because monomers are added more quickly to one end (the âplus endâ) than they are to the other end (the âminus endâ).
B. Because polymerization occurs at one end (the âplus endâ) and depolymerization occurs at the other end (the âminus endâ).
C. Because monomers can be added to one end only (the âplus endâ), and can only be removed from the other end (the âminus endâ).
D. Because the actin and tubulin monomers that make up microfilaments and microtubules have evolved more rapidly than most other proteins.
20. Which one of the following statements about intracellular transport is true?
A. Kinesin and myosin move substances along microtubules.
B. Kinesin and dynein move substances along microfilaments.
C. Myosin and dynein move substances along microfilaments.
D. Myosin moves substances along microfilaments.
For each structure described below, indicate the cytoskeletal element that it best characterizes. Cytoskeletal elements may be used multiple times or not at all. Questions 21-26
A. microtubules B. microfilaments C. intermediate filaments
21. the cytoskeletal elements with the largest diameter
22. the cytoskeletal elements with the smallest diameter
23. double helices of polymerized actin proteins
24. strong fibers of more than a hundred different types
25. hollow tube-like structures made of polymerized tubulin protein dimers
26. proteins in the nucleus that give shape and support to the nuclear envelope
27. Which cell adhesion molecule is particularly good at cell to cell adhesion
A. cadherins
B. integrins
C. myosin
D. actin
28. Which type of cell junction prevents the movement of substances through the space between cells?
A. tight junctions
B. adherens junctions
C. desmosomes
D. hemidesmosomes
E. gap junctions
29. Which one of the following statements about integrins is correct?
A. Integrins indirectly connect microfilaments with the extracellular matrix.
B. There is a single type of integrin, capable of binding to multiple types of extracellular matrix proteins.
C. Integrins are the primary cell adhesion molecule in a desmosome.
D. Adjacent integrins create channels referred to as gap junctions.
30. The dermis of mammalian skin, including that of humans, contains a large amount of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen and elastin. As a person ages, the amount of elastin in the dermis declines. Which of the following cell types is likely to be the cause of this change in the dermis of the skin?
A. keratinocytes
B. fibroblasts
C. melanocytes
D. epidermal cells
31. The extracellular matrix can influence: A. cell movement.
B. cell shape.
C. gene expression.
D. All of these choices are correct.
36. A kinase is an enzyme that -------------a phosphate group and Phosphatases is an enzyme that --------a phosphate group.
A. Phosphorylate, add
B. add, remove
C. remove, add
D. digest, remove
37. In regards to following statements:
Statement 1: Many cancers arise when something goes wrong with the way a cell responds to a signal that leads to cell division or, in some cases, when a cell behaves as if it has received a signal for cell division when in fact it hasnât.
Statement 2: Problems with cell signaling that can lead to cancer can take place at just about every step in the cell-signaling process.
A. Both are true B. Both are not true C. 1 Is true but 2 is not D. 1 is not true but 2 is true
38. The extracellular matrix in animals:
A. is located exclusively in muscle tissue.
B. is formed by many types of cells, primarily fibroblasts, on their cell surfaces.
C. is a meshwork of insoluble fibrous proteins, primarily collagens that assemble in a double helix.
D. differs from one tissue to the next, affecting the expression of genes in the cells that it surrounds.
E. is attached to cells by gap junctions.
39. A collection of cells that work together to perform a specific function called.
A. Organ B. Tissue C. System D. species
40. The shape of cells is determined and maintained by structural protein networks in the cytoplasm, called
A. cytoskeleton.
B. Signaling pathway
C. Signaling molecules
D. polysaccharide molecules
45. The cells make up the epidermis layer of skin are called
A. Fibroblasts
B. Keratinocytes
C. Connective tissue
D. Cytoskeleton
46. The structural integrity of a tissue or organ depends on:
A. Cells adhesion
B. Cells adhere to extracellular matrix
C. Cells average size
D. All of above
E. A and B
47. Microtubule are made of protein subunits called
A. Actin monomer B. Cell junction protein
C. ? tubulin and ? tubulin D. Integrin
48. The function of tight junctions is not to anchor the cells together, but instead to prevent passage of materials in between cells.
A. True B. false
49. The extracellular matrix is an insoluble meshwork composed of-------- and -----------
A. lipid, protein
B. Carbohydrate, lipid
C. Proteins, polysaccharides.
D. Cellulose, lipids
50. Metastatic cancer tumor cells pass the blood vessels barrier by mean of:
A. Carbohydrate in extracellular matrix
B. Protein (integrin) of extracellular matrix
C. Will not pass the blood vessels barrier.
Biology questions:
Answer the following multiple questions:
1. Essential elements for communication between cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, involved:
A. Signaling cell
B. Signaling molecule
C. Receptor molecule
D. Responding or receptor cell
E. All of the above
2. The signaling cell releases a---------------, which is recognized by the ----------------on the responding cell.
A. receptor protein, signal transducer
B. signaling molecules, signal transducer
C. signaling molecule,receptor protein
D. Electrical signal, Target molecules
3. The inactivation of many cell signaling pathways involves the removal of phosphates from the activated targets. What is the name of the enzyme that can dephosphorylate proteins?
A. Kinase
B. adenylate cyclase
C. GTPase
D. Peptidase
E. Phosphatase
4. Which step is not part of signaling pathway Signaling between cells involves four steps?
A. receptor activation
B. signal transduction
C. cellular response
D. signal termination
E. Transcription termination
5. Once the receptor is ACTIVATED, it transmits a message to the cell through the cytoplasm in a process called SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. This message can remain in the cytosol or go to the nucleus.
A. True B. false
6. RESPOND to the signal involve only in gene expression activation
A. True B. false
7. Signaling termination is a critical point in onset of cancer
A. TrueB. False
8. In multicellular organisms, communication signaling only takes place in short distance between the cells.
A. True B. false
9. Endocrine signaling involves:
A. Cell to cell communication
B. Long distance signaling communication
C. Signaling by means of molecules traveling through the bloodstream
D. A and b
E. B and c
10. In human sex hormones are examples of what type of signaling
A. Endocrine
B. Autocrine
C. Merocrine
D. Paracrine
11. In paracrine signaling what the average distance the signaling molecules will travel
A. Only one cell away
B. 10 cells diameter
C. 20 cells diameter
D. 1000 cells diameter
12. In paracrine signaling, the signal is usually a ------------------------such as -------------------
A. insoluble molecules, actin filaments
B. soluble molecule, growth hormones
C. insoluble molecules, estrogen
D. soluble molecules androgen
13. Autocrine signaling are especially important to multicellular organisms during embryonic development
A. True B. false
14. Paracrine signaling are especially important to multicellular organisms during embryonic development.
A. True B. false
15. There would be no signaling processes in the absence of signaling molecules
A. TrueB. False
16. Which of the following statements about mammalian skin is incorrect?
A. The epidermis is an outer layer that provides a water-resistant, protective barrier.
B. The dermis is the layer below the epidermis containing connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings that provides nutrients to the epidermis and a cushion layer for the body.
C. Epithelial cells in the epidermis are primarily composed of keratinocytes that protect underlying tissue.
D. A specialized form of extracellular matrix, called the basal lamina, underlies the dermis and separates it from tissues below.
E. Fibroblasts in the dermis produce extracellular matrix proteins to make the dermis strong and flexible.
17. What would happen to a cell that depends on flagellar movement if it had no actin?
A. The cell would not be able to move because the cilia would also be affected.
B. The cell would not be able to move.
C. Nothing; the cell would still be able to move.
D. The cell would move by cilia and not flagella.
18. Which is not an example of a motor protein?
A. myosin
B. kinesin
C. venosin
D. dynein
19. Why are the ends of microfilaments and microtubules called âplus endsâ and âminus endsâ?
A. Because monomers are added more quickly to one end (the âplus endâ) than they are to the other end (the âminus endâ).
B. Because polymerization occurs at one end (the âplus endâ) and depolymerization occurs at the other end (the âminus endâ).
C. Because monomers can be added to one end only (the âplus endâ), and can only be removed from the other end (the âminus endâ).
D. Because the actin and tubulin monomers that make up microfilaments and microtubules have evolved more rapidly than most other proteins.
20. Which one of the following statements about intracellular transport is true?
A. Kinesin and myosin move substances along microtubules.
B. Kinesin and dynein move substances along microfilaments.
C. Myosin and dynein move substances along microfilaments.
D. Myosin moves substances along microfilaments.
For each structure described below, indicate the cytoskeletal element that it best characterizes. Cytoskeletal elements may be used multiple times or not at all. Questions 21-26
A. microtubules B. microfilaments C. intermediate filaments
21. the cytoskeletal elements with the largest diameter
22. the cytoskeletal elements with the smallest diameter
23. double helices of polymerized actin proteins
24. strong fibers of more than a hundred different types
25. hollow tube-like structures made of polymerized tubulin protein dimers
26. proteins in the nucleus that give shape and support to the nuclear envelope
27. Which cell adhesion molecule is particularly good at cell to cell adhesion
A. cadherins
B. integrins
C. myosin
D. actin
28. Which type of cell junction prevents the movement of substances through the space between cells?
A. tight junctions
B. adherens junctions
C. desmosomes
D. hemidesmosomes
E. gap junctions
29. Which one of the following statements about integrins is correct?
A. Integrins indirectly connect microfilaments with the extracellular matrix.
B. There is a single type of integrin, capable of binding to multiple types of extracellular matrix proteins.
C. Integrins are the primary cell adhesion molecule in a desmosome.
D. Adjacent integrins create channels referred to as gap junctions.
30. The dermis of mammalian skin, including that of humans, contains a large amount of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen and elastin. As a person ages, the amount of elastin in the dermis declines. Which of the following cell types is likely to be the cause of this change in the dermis of the skin?
A. keratinocytes
B. fibroblasts
C. melanocytes
D. epidermal cells
31. The extracellular matrix can influence: A. cell movement.
B. cell shape.
C. gene expression.
D. All of these choices are correct.
36. A kinase is an enzyme that -------------a phosphate group and Phosphatases is an enzyme that --------a phosphate group.
A. Phosphorylate, add
B. add, remove
C. remove, add
D. digest, remove
37. In regards to following statements:
Statement 1: Many cancers arise when something goes wrong with the way a cell responds to a signal that leads to cell division or, in some cases, when a cell behaves as if it has received a signal for cell division when in fact it hasnât.
Statement 2: Problems with cell signaling that can lead to cancer can take place at just about every step in the cell-signaling process.
A. Both are true B. Both are not true C. 1 Is true but 2 is not D. 1 is not true but 2 is true
38. The extracellular matrix in animals:
A. is located exclusively in muscle tissue.
B. is formed by many types of cells, primarily fibroblasts, on their cell surfaces.
C. is a meshwork of insoluble fibrous proteins, primarily collagens that assemble in a double helix.
D. differs from one tissue to the next, affecting the expression of genes in the cells that it surrounds.
E. is attached to cells by gap junctions.
39. A collection of cells that work together to perform a specific function called.
A. Organ B. Tissue C. System D. species
40. The shape of cells is determined and maintained by structural protein networks in the cytoplasm, called
A. cytoskeleton.
B. Signaling pathway
C. Signaling molecules
D. polysaccharide molecules
45. The cells make up the epidermis layer of skin are called
A. Fibroblasts
B. Keratinocytes
C. Connective tissue
D. Cytoskeleton
46. The structural integrity of a tissue or organ depends on:
A. Cells adhesion
B. Cells adhere to extracellular matrix
C. Cells average size
D. All of above
E. A and B
47. Microtubule are made of protein subunits called
A. Actin monomer B. Cell junction protein
C. ? tubulin and ? tubulin D. Integrin
48. The function of tight junctions is not to anchor the cells together, but instead to prevent passage of materials in between cells.
A. True B. false
49. The extracellular matrix is an insoluble meshwork composed of-------- and -----------
A. lipid, protein
B. Carbohydrate, lipid
C. Proteins, polysaccharides.
D. Cellulose, lipids
50. Metastatic cancer tumor cells pass the blood vessels barrier by mean of:
A. Carbohydrate in extracellular matrix
B. Protein (integrin) of extracellular matrix
C. Will not pass the blood vessels barrier.
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Related textbook solutions
Related questions
QUESTION 1
Which of the following is an example of an extracellular signal molecule?
| a. | IP3 | |
| b. | cAMP | |
| c. | Insulin | |
| d. | Diacylglycerol |
2 points
QUESTION 2
Nuclear hormone receptors _____
| a. | Bind to water soluble ligands | |
| b. | Activate second messengers | |
| c. | Regulate transcription in response to ligand binding | |
| d. | Are normally located on the plasma membrane |
2 points
QUESTION 3
Which of the following does not occur when a receptor tyrosine kinase is bound by ligand?
| a. | Phosphorylation of the RTK | |
| b. | Cytoplasmic proteins bind the phosphorylated RTK | |
| c. | Dimerization of the RTK | |
| d. | The RTK binds to DNA to regulate transcription |
2 points
QUESTION 4
Which of these is a logical signal-transduction pathway?
| a. | An intracellular receptor activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane protein to form IP3, which then activates the opening of an ER channel protein, which releases cyclic AMP into the cytoplasm, where it binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. | |
| b. | A G-protein-linked receptor activates G protein, which activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane lipid to form IP3, which binds to a calcium channel on the ER, which opens to release calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which bind to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. | |
| c. | An ion-channel receptor opens, allowing a steroid hormone to enter the cell; the steroid hormone then activates protein kinases that convert GTP to GDP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. | |
| d. | A tyrosine-kinase receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which activates phospholipase C, which converts ATP into cyclic AMP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. |
2 points
QUESTION 5
Which of the following is an example of signal amplification?
| a. | activation of an enzyme molecule | |
| b. | activation of a specific gene by a growth factor | |
| c. | Breakdown of many cAMP molecules | |
| d. | activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event |
2 points
QUESTION 6
Consider a signal transduction pathway that utilizes cAMP as a second messenger to activate PKA (Protein Kinase A). Which of the following situations will result in the cellular response?
| The G protein releases GDP and binds to GTP | ||
| The target protein (adenylyl cyclase) is inactive | ||
| The regulatory subunits of PKA (Protein Kinase A) are bound to the catalytic subunits | ||
| The appropriate G protein is bound to GDP |
2 points
QUESTION 7
Which of the following is found in only some signal transduction pathways? [In other words, which is not found in all signal transduction pathways?]
| Receptor protein | ||
| Extracellular signal molecule | ||
| Intracellular signaling molecule | ||
| Cellular response | ||
| Effector protein |
2 points
QUESTION 8
The enzyme that specifically catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP is:
| Adenylyl phosphatase | ||
| Adenylyl kinase | ||
| Adenylyl dehydrogenase | ||
| Adenylyl cyclase |
2 points
QUESTION 9
If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system?
| It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. | ||
| It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. | ||
| It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger. | ||
| It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal. |
2 points
QUESTION 10
A hormone signal is sent from the brain to other parts of the body via the bloodstream. Why do only certain cells respond to this signal?
| Hormones do not last long enough in the bloodstream to stimulate a cellular response | ||
| Only cells that have a specific transcription factor gene will be able to respond to the signal | ||
| Only cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell sending the signal will respond | ||
| Only cells that have a receptor for the specific signal will be able to respond to it |
