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1.How is the growth of marginal meristems in leaves different than that of the apical meristems of stems and roots?

2.Is there any advantage to one type of leaf arrangement as compared to another? Can you think of any situations in which one type of arrangement is more beneficial to plant survival?

3. Describe how branching differs in roots and shoots and speculate why this is so.

4. How does water move in through root hairs?

5. Why would very high temperatures cause stomata to close?

6.Why would ethylene production increase rapidly when a plant is exposed to ozone, toxic chemicals, temperature extremes, attacks by predators, or other stresses?

7. In what directions do roots and stems grow when there is no gravity, such as in a spaceship outside the pull of earth?

8. In Chapter 13 of this text, genetic engineering in agriculture was discussed. Might it be feasible to genetically engineer a plant to respond to touch (become thigmotropic) as a means to deter certain flying insect predators?

9. Research endangered plants here and abroad and discuss the plant's role in its local ecosystem and what other organisms are affected by its loss. In addition to your local DNR site, consider exploring information from IUCN, Nature, and Earths Endangered websites.

10.Describe Photoperiodism and Dormancy, how do the two differ from each other or how similar are they?

11.What are auxins and how do they function in life systems?

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Related questions

What's Inside a Plant?
Overview:
In this activity you will view images of the inside of real plants and label their different structures. This will help familiarize you with the different parts of a plant and their internal structures.
 
Assignment:
In this assignment you will review information about plants and the functions of their various parts. As you review, there are diagrams below which display the different plant parts. Each part has a corresponding number for you to write down and label using the BLUE BOLDED words that you find throughout the review. Then you will answer some discussion questions.
 
Plant Part Review:
Plants are made of many different parts. There are two main types of plants, angiosperms and gymnosperms. This assignment will focus on angiosperms. Angiosperms are separated based on how many seed leaves, or cotyledons, they have, and are broken up into two major groups, the monocots and dicots. Each type has differences between their arrangements of vascular bundles, roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.
 
Vascular bundles are transportation tubes that run throughout each part of the plant. They are made of xylem and phloem. Xylem is a type of vascular bundle that transports nutrients such as water and minerals. Xylem only transport nutrients upward from the roots and throughout a plant. Phloem is a type of vascular bundle that transports sugars. Phloem transport sugars in any direction throughout a plant.
 
The stem, roots, and leaves are made of three types of tissues: dermal, ground, and vascular, and each type of tissue serves a different purpose.
 
Roots are the part of a plant that is underground. Roots hold the plant down in the ground and absorb nutrients from the soil such as water and dissolved minerals. Dermal tissue and root hairs surround the roots and absorb nutrients and help with gas exchange. Ground tissue at the center of the roots, called the cortex, stores the products of photosynthesis.
 
Stems are the part of a plant that hold the different vascular tissues. They provide structure for a plant to grow vertically and support its branches and leaves. Stems can also photosynthesize by capturing sunlight in the chlorophyll of the chloroplasts in plant cells. The dermal tissue of stems forms a cuticle that surrounds the stem with a thick, waxy coat to prevent water loss. The stem also has a simple epidermis that sloughs off as the plant grows. Ground tissue can be found surrounding each vascular bundle as well as the pith in the center of the stem. The vascular tissue in stems forms the vascular bundles found sporadically placed throughout the stem.
 
Leaves are the part of a plant responsible for most of the sunlight capture and photosynthesis. Their purpose is to capture energy from sunlight with chlorophyll that is in the chloroplasts of the cells. Dermal tissue makes up the cuticle and epidermis of the leaf and these have small openings called stomata for gas exchange. The ground tissue in leaves makes up the mesophyll where sunlight is absorbed. The veins of the leaf are made of vascular tissue that distribute the products of photosynthesis throughout a plant.
 
Flowers are the part of a plant that contain its reproductive organs. They also house the seeds. Pollinators are attracted to the colorful petals of the flowers and help distribute pollen grains to other flowers. The female reproductive organ is the pistil. The pistil is made of stigma that catch pollen, the style that carries pollen to the seed, and the ovary and ovules that hold the seeds. The male reproductive organ is the stamen. The stamen contains the anther which holds sacs of pollen and is supported by the filament.
 
Below are the diagrams of each plant part to label with the blue bolded words that are found in the review above.
 
Leaf:
These images below are of a leaf. The image on the left is a microscopic image of a leaf, and the image on the right is a close-up image of a leaf with parallel veins.
Flower:
The image on the left is a microscopic image of a flower petal. The image on the right displays the reproductive organs of a flower. Below these is the diagram of a flower with a number for each part you will label.
Discussion Questions:
1. Where are seeds kept until they are fertilized?
2. What is the male reproductive cell that fertilizes seeds?
3. What is the purpose of vascular bundles?
4. What is the purpose of the stem?
5. What is the primary purpose of a leaf?
6. What part of a leaf allows for gas exchange?
7. What is a function of the roots?
8. What extends from the roots to give it more surface area to absorb water?
 
 
Submission:
You will submit a list of the numbered parts for both the diagram of a leaf and a flower as well as responses to the discussion questions.
Grading Rubric
 
What's Inside a Plant?
 
Overview:
In this activity you will view images of the inside of real plants and label their different structures. This will help familiarize you with the different parts of a plant and their internal structures.
 
Assignment:
In this assignment you will review information about plants and the functions of their various parts. As you review, there are diagrams below which display the different plant parts. Each part has a corresponding number for you to write down and label using the BLUE BOLDED words that you find throughout the review. Then you will answer some discussion questions.
 
Plant Part Review:
Plants are made of many different parts. There are two main types of plants, angiosperms and gymnosperms. This assignment will focus on angiosperms. Angiosperms are separated based on how many seed leaves, or cotyledons, they have, and are broken up into two major groups, the monocots and dicots. Each type has differences between their arrangements of vascular bundles, roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.
 
Vascular bundles are transportation tubes that run throughout each part of the plant. They are made of xylem and phloem. Xylem is a type of vascular bundle that transports nutrients such as water and minerals. Xylem only transport nutrients upward from the roots and throughout a plant. Phloem is a type of vascular bundle that transports sugars. Phloem transport sugars in any direction throughout a plant.
 
The stem, roots, and leaves are made of three types of tissues: dermal, ground, and vascular, and each type of tissue serves a different purpose.
 
Roots are the part of a plant that is underground. Roots hold the plant down in the ground and absorb nutrients from the soil such as water and dissolved minerals. Dermal tissue and root hairs surround the roots and absorb nutrients and help with gas exchange. Ground tissue at the center of the roots, called the cortex, stores the products of photosynthesis.
 
Stems are the part of a plant that hold the different vascular tissues. They provide structure for a plant to grow vertically and support its branches and leaves. Stems can also photosynthesize by capturing sunlight in the chlorophyll of the chloroplasts in plant cells. The dermal tissue of stems forms a cuticle that surrounds the stem with a thick, waxy coat to prevent water loss. The stem also has a simple epidermis that sloughs off as the plant grows. Ground tissue can be found surrounding each vascular bundle as well as the pith in the center of the stem. The vascular tissue in stems forms the vascular bundles found sporadically placed throughout the stem.
 
Student Resource
 
Leaves are the part of a plant responsible for most of the sunlight capture and photosynthesis. Their purpose is to capture energy from sunlight with chlorophyll that is in the chloroplasts of the cells. Dermal tissue makes up the cuticle and epidermis of the leaf and these have small openings called stomata for gas exchange. The ground tissue in leaves makes up the mesophyll where sunlight is absorbed. The veins of the leaf are made of vascular tissue that distribute the products of photosynthesis throughout a plant.
 
Flowers are the part of a plant that contain its reproductive organs. They also house the seeds. Pollinators are attracted to the colorful petals of the flowers and help distribute pollen grains to other flowers. The female reproductive organ is the pistil. The pistil is made of stigma that catch pollen, the style that carries pollen to the seed, and the ovary and ovules that hold the seeds. The male reproductive organ is the stamen. The stamen contains the anther which holds sacs of pollen and is supported by the filament.
 
Below are the diagrams of each plant part to label with the blue bolded words that are found in the review above.
 
Leaf:
These images below are of a leaf. The image on the left is a microscopic image of a leaf, and the image on the right is a close-up image of a leaf with parallel veins.
Discussion Questions:
  1. Where are seeds kept until they are fertilized?
  2. What is the male reproductive cell that fertilizes seeds?
  3. What is the purpose of vascular bundles?
  4. What is the purpose of the stem?
  5. What is the primary purpose of a leaf?
  6. What part of a leaf allows for gas exchange?
  7. What is a function of the roots?
  8. What extends from the roots to give it more surface area to absorb water?
Submission:
You will submit a list of the numbered parts for both the diagram of a leaf and a flower as well as responses to the discussion questions.

 

 
 
Discovering Photosynthesis Experiment
Overview:
In this activity you will review the data from an experiment that tested what happens to plants when they don't receive a specific nutrient. You will draw conclusions and answer questions based on the data from the experiment.
 
Background Information:
Plants go through a process called photosynthesis to make their own food. Photosynthesis is a process that uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugars. The sugars then go through a process called cellular respiration to make chemical energy that the plant can use.
  • Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy into sugars in the form of glucose.
  • Cellular respiration is the process that converts sugars into a form of energy that the cell can use.
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll that absorb energy from sunlight and also give plants their green color. This energy is necessary for the chemical reaction of photosynthesis to occur. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water and produces sugar and oxygen. This is how oxygen is put into the air for all organisms to breathe.
 
All organisms go through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the reverse reaction of photosynthesis. Cellular respiration uses sugars and oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide, and energy. This process releases energy from the sugars that organisms make or consume. Producers create sugars during photosynthesis and then go through cellular respiration. Consumers must eat other organisms to go through cellular respiration. Once cellular respiration occurs, its products become the reactants for photosynthesis and they create a cycle.
  • Producers are organisms that produce energy from photosynthesis.
  • Consumers eat producers or other consumers for their energy.
Lab Overview:
This experiment tested the different nutrients needed to go through photosynthesis and involved 6 bean plants. Each plant was grown without a certain nutrient. These plants were two weeks old prior to beginning the experiment so that some growth was already present. The progress of plants in different environments was recorded over a period of two weeks and there were 2 replications of each group. The control group was kept in normal conditions and given normal amounts of water and sunlight. Group A was not given any water but received normal amounts of sunlight. Group B was kept in a dark space without sunlight but given normal amounts of water.
 
Pre-Lab Questions:
Before beginning any part of the experiment, you will need to write a hypothesis about what you think will happen and answer the following questions. Your hypothesis should be formatted as an "if, then" statement.
  1. Hypothesis:
  2. What are the controls of the experiment? (what must remain consistent in the groups)
  3. What is the Independent variable?
  4. What is the Dependent Variable?
Below is information about the lab, how it was conducted, and the data collected.
 
Lab:
 
Lab Materials:
  • 6 bean plants, with the same pots, amount of soil and same amount of growth
  • Graduated Cylinder
  • Ruler
  • Sunny spot for the plants
  • Dark spot for the plants
Lab Procedure:
Day 1:
1. First measure and record the height of each plant and observe what it looks like. Record the color, how many leaves it has, if it looks rigid or dry, and anything      else you notice. Label each plant based on its group.
2. Place each plant in its correct spot based on whether or not it will receive sunlight.
a. The control group will get full sunlight and water.
b. Group A will get full sunlight, but no water.
c. Group B will get no sunlight, but will get water.
Day 2:
3. Measure the height of each plant and make observations.
4. Water the control group and Group B.
 
Follow the instructions from Day 2 every other day. (Days 4,6,8,10,12, and 14 )
 
Data:
Biology Special Lesson: Discovering Photosynthesis Experiment
 
Post-Lab Questions:
Based on the procedure and data collected, draw conclusions and interpret the data to answer the following questions.
1. What happened in the Control Group throughout the experiment?
2. What happened in Group A throughout the experiment?
3. What happened in Group B throughout the experiment?
4. Why do you think that there was more growth in the Control group compared to... (Think about why it couldn't grow. This is more than just because it lost          water or sunlight.)
    Group A?
    Group B?
5. What does the lack of growth have to do with photosynthesis?
6. Was your hypothesis supported? Why/Why not?
 
Submission:
You will submit a written or typed response with the answers to the pre-lab and post lab questions.
 
 
 
 

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