BCH 3170 Study Guide - Final Guide: Trp Operon, Lactose Permease, Lytic Cycle

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29 Aug 2016

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Most of gene expression takes place at the level of transcription (rna synthesis) but can also take place at the post-transcriptional level (mrna stability, mrna secondary structure, mrna translation, protein stability). Regulation of gene expression is studied in simpler organisms such as bacteria and bacteriophages. Initiation of transcription requires the formation of a complex between rna polymerase and the promoter sequence on the dna. The initiation rate (number of mrna molecule per time) reflects the rate of formation of the polymerase/promoter complex. This involves: consensus sequences in the promoter, the tataa sequence located at position -10, the ttgaca sequence at position -35, proteins that change the affinity of the rna polymerase promoter. If they increase the affinity they are activators if they decrease the affinity they are repressors. Two types of transcription control: positive control: genes under positive control will only be expressed when an activator is present.

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1 DNA sequences found in introns provide [A] amino acid sequence information.

[B] regulatory information.
[C] no known useful information.

[D] structure for the gene.
[E] alternative DNA splicing possibilities.

3. The TATA box is a(n)
[A] sequence close to the promoter region of many genes.
[B] square-shaped sequence.
[C] enhancer consensus sequence.
[D] activator sequence necessary for proper translation.
[E] None of the above

5. Regarding genes and gene expression, which of the following is not a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
[A] Eukaryotic DNA does not contain a TATA box close to the initiation site as does prokaryotic DNA.

[B] In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase requires

'transcription factors'or initiation.

[C] Prokaryotic genes are often grouped together in

operons.

[D] In eukaryotes, the regulation of several genes at once requires common control elements in each of the genes.
[E] There is a diversity of eukaryotic polymerases that is reflected in the diversity of eukaryotic promoters.

10) In eukaryotic cells, a repressor

[A] is made of DNA.
[B] binds to the enhancer region to block transcription. [

C] is located both upstream and downstream from the promoter.
[D] binds to the operator to block RNA polymerase.

[E] binds to a silencer to reduce transcription rates.

Coordinated regulation of genes in eukaryotic cells [A] is the result of positioning the same regulatory sequence in front of each gene.
[B] results from all of those genes being under the control of one promoter.

[C] occurs because related genes all have the same

operons.
[D] occurs because enhancers cause DNA to bend.

5. Alpha amanitin is a drug that binds RNA polymerase andprevents it from functioning in the cell (this is the compound thatis found in poison mushrooms). The reason people die when theyconsume alpha amanitin is:

a) Alpha amanitin prevents gene expression from occurring in thecell

b) DNA replication is directly inhibited by alpha amantin

c) Alpha amanitin binds tightly to the messenger RNAs that aremade in the cell, preventing translation

d) Alpha amanitin binds to nuclear pores preventing thetransport of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm

6. In order for transcriptional initiation to begin in E. colithe following elements are needed:

a) an origin and RNA polymerase

b) initiator protein and a promoter

c) the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase and an RNA template

d) RNA polymerase and a promoter

e) helicase and primase

Questions 7 and 8. You are studying two species of closelyrelated snakes, one species lives in sandy desert area and has paletan skin and the species lives in a volcanic rock area and has darkbrown skin. You a sequence the DNA from each type of snake anddiscover a gene encoding a protein that transports pigment into theskin cells. The pigment transporter protein is responsible for skincolor. When you analyze the DNA coding sequence of the pigmenttransporter from each snake you find these two DNA sequences (hashmarks have been added to indicate the reading frame):

pale tan snake: GCG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand)CGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG (complementary strand) dark brown snake:ACG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand) TGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG(complementary strand)

7. From these sequences you conclude:

a) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are almost identical

b) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are very dissimilar

c) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are identical

8. Since the skin color is different in each snake, you concludefrom the sequence data above that:

a) the genetic code in the skin cells in each of these snakes isdifferent

b) the DNA sequence encoding the entire gene for pigmenttransporters in these two snakes is different

c) that one of the codons in the gene for the pigmenttransporter in these two snakes is different

9. You are analyzing eukaryotic cells that have been exposed tothe radioactive uracil. In most cells the radioactive uracil isinitially localized in the nucleus and then moves from the nucleusto the cytoplasm. However, you observe that in some cells theradioactive molecules stay in the nucleus and never arrive in thecytoplasm. This is most likely a defect in:

a) the transcription of the DNA

b) the processing of the mRNA

c) the translation of the RNA

d) the labeling of the RNA

e) the replication of the DNA

10. Which of the following is true of both eukaryotic andbacterial transcription? (select all that are true)
a) Transcription factors must bind the promoter before RNApolymerase initiates transcription

b) Messenger RNAs must be spliced before translation begins inorder to produce the appropriate gene product

c) During transcription only one DNA strand is used as atemplate to make the messenger RNA

d) Termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerasetranscribes a hairpin structure in the RNA followed by a string ofU

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The function of tRNA is to

Select one:

a. provide a site for polypeptide synthesis

b. transport amino acids to the ribosome

c. transcribe DNA

d. transform DNA

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The lipid bi-layer is

Select one:

a. hydrophilic

b. hydrophobic

c. hydrophilic and hydrophobic

d. depends on the surrounding medium

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Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select one:

a. carbohydrates are generally hydrophilic molecules.

b. living things use carbohydrates for structure and for energy storage.

c. carbohydrates are composed principally of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

d. none of the above â they are all true

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Which of the following terms correctly describes a compound featuring more than one double bond?

Select one:

a. saturated

b. polyunsaturated

c. monounsaturated

d. disaturated

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Eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are protected from modification by

Select one:

a. 5' caps

b. 5' poly-A caps

c. 3' caps

d. 5'-3' poly tails

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The methods of membrane transport that don't require protein channels or carriers are

Select one:

a. osmosis

b. diffusion

c. phagocytosis

d. exocytosis

e. all of the above

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Complete the following sentences: "Primary active transport is dependent on __________. Secondary active transport is dependent on __________ created by __________.

Select one:

a. channel proteins, electrochemical gradient, carrier proteins

b. electrochemical gradient, ATP, mitochondria

c. electrochemical gradient, ATP, primary active transport

d. ATP, electrochemical gradient, primary active transport

e. carrier proteins, electrochemical gradient, channel protein

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Which of the following is a reduced compound?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. O2

c. N2

d. NAD +

e. NADH

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Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their:

Select one:

a. base sequence

b. size

c. percentage of labelled nucleotides

d. electrical charge

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G0 is:

Select one:

a. part of interphase

b. the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs

c. the phase of the cell cycle where two identical daughter cells are created

d. a special "resting" phase in which cells are in a non cycling state

e. a special phase where the number of chromosomes in a parent cell is reduced by half such that each daughter cell contains only one member of a pair of homologous chromosomes

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At which pH will the concentration of hydrogen ions be equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions?

Select one:

a. pH 1

b. pH 5

c. pH 7

d. pH 9

e. pH 14

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Which of the following enzymes has proofreading activity?

Select one:

a. Ligase

b. Helicase

c. Topoisomerase

d. DNA polymerase

e. Peptidyl transferase

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The process of _______________ cuts introns from the primary transcript and the final "processed" mRNA is produced.

Select one:

a. RNA cleaving

b. RNA translocation

c. RNA elongation

d. RNA splicing

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Transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to

Select one:

a. a promoter

b. an initiator

c. a transciptor

d. a codon

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Complete the following sentences: "__________ connect the extracellular matrix with microfilaments. __________ connect intermediate filaments from adjacent cells."

Select one:

a. Cadherins, Integrins

b. Connexins, Cadherins

c. Integrins, Cadherins

d. Integrins, Connexins

e. Connexins, Integrins

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Which of the following regions of RNAs are translated?

Select one:

a. 5' UTR

b. exons

c. introns

d. 3' UTR

e. poly-A

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Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Select one:

a. only the transcriptional level

b. epigenetic and transcriptional levels

c. epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels

d. epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels

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Cellular organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes are called:

Select one:

a. peroxisomes

b. lysosomes

c. ribosomes

d. mesosomes

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______ are chemicals or combinations of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in order to keep the pH constant.

Select one:

a. acids

b. bases

c. salts

d. buffers

e. carbohydrates

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Which of the following proteins appear in some stages of the cell cycle and are degraded at other stages?

Select one:

a. kinases

b. cyclins

c. nucleotides

d. phosphatases

e. none of the above

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Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

Select one:

a. mitochondrion photosynthesis

b. nucleus cellular respiration

c. ribosome manufacture of lipids

d. lysosome movement

e. central vacuole storage

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What is the sequence corresponding to the following electropherogram obtained by Sanger sequencing (green: A; red:T; black: G; blue: C)?

Select one:

a. CCGTTATGAAC

b. GGCTTATGAAG

c. CAACTATTGCC

d. GGCAATAGTTG

e. CCGTTATCAAC

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Which of the following statement is true

Select one:

a. the two DNA strands are parallel and complementary

b. the two DNA strands are anti parallel and non-complementary

c. the two DNA strands are anti-parallel and complementary

d. none of these

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The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is specifically called

Select one:

a. metabolism

b. anabolism

c. catabolism

d. enzymatic reactions

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When DNA replication starts

Select one:

a. the phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent nucleotides break

b. the bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break

c. the leading strand produces Okazaki fragments

d. the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strand break

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A(n)_______ is the movement of a segment of a chromosome from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome

Select one:

a. inversion

b. translocation

c. deletion

d. duplication

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Complete the following sentences: "Replication forks from the same origin of replication extend __________. __________ DNA strand is used as template for the leading strand at one fork and for the lagging strand at the second fork. New DNA is synthesized from 5' to 3' on the __________."

Select one:

a. unidirectionally, A different, both the leading and lagging strands

b. bidirectionally, The same, leading strand

c. bidirectionally, The same, lagging strand

d. unidirectionally, A different, leading strand

e. bidirectionally, The same, both the leading and lagging strands

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Manufacturing recombinant DNA molecules involves cutting a gene from its normal location, inserting it into a circular piece of DNA from a bacterial cell, and then transferring the circle of DNA to cells of another species. Which of the below describe the circular piece of DNA?

Select one:

a. restriction enzyme

b. plasmid

c. bacteriophage

d. transposon

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Complete the following chemical equation to make it balanced: glycerol + ___ ? triacylglycerol + ___

Select one:

a. 3 fatty acid, 3 H2O

b. fatty acid, H2O

c. 3 OH-, 3 H+

d. 3 H2O, 3 fatty acid

e. fatty acid, 3 H2O

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Which structure is found in plant cells but not animal cells? Check all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Cell wall

b. Chloroplast

c. Plastid

d. Central vacuole

e. Lysosomes

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BCH 3170 Study Guide - Final Guide: Trp Operon, Lactose Permease, Lytic Cycle

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