HMB342H1 Study Guide - Final Guide: Odds Ratio, International Nomenclature Of Cosmetic Ingredients, Attributable Risk

138 views3 pages

pucewolf593

23 Apr 2015

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Study Guides, a Grade+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

5d: death disease, discomfort, disability, dissatisfication. 3) criterion: can predict directly observable phenomena. Valid & reliable : accurate & clustered ; not valid & not reliable: inaccurate (off center)& scattered. Valid: avg of all = original, reliable: cluster close. Unreliable measurement: when same sample gives diff results: recalibrate/ correct and retest. Abnormal: statistically unusual, clinically sick and treatable. Sens: snout (- pv) with disease with + test. , specif spin (+pv) w/o disease with test. Accuracy: tp + tn / total. Absolute risk: incidence of outcome in initially healthy person (cases/ pop/ time) Attributable risk (ar) risk difference (rd)- incidence due solely to exposure inc (exp) inc (non- exp) Relative risk: risk ratio: how many more time exp have disease relative to unexposed inci(exp) / inci (non- exp) # needed to expose: 1/ risk diff 1 / inc (exp) inc (non- exp) [inc (exp) inc (non- exp)] x prev of exp or (p)(ar) p prev for risk.

Related Questions

QUESTION 1 1. The relative importance or burden of a disease within a population will depend on a number of factors including : A. Disease frequency B. Disease severity C. Disease consequences D. All of the above

QUESTION 2 1 . With the epidemiologic transition, there is a reduction in malnutrition and _____ . A. Communicable diseases B. Injuries C. Non-communicable chronic diseases D. Mental health disorders

QUESTION 3 1. A major challenge to developing a burden of disease profile in low and middle-income countries relates to A. Unwillingness to share complete information B. Conflicting disease definitions C. Challenges obtaining information related to cause of death D. All of the above

QUESTION 4 1. The demographic transition describes which of the following changes to society A. Changes in birth and death rates that reflect a modern society B. Declines in mortality followed by a reduction in fertility C. A change in the age structure of the population D. All of the above

QUESTION 5 1. Measures of health status that combine mortality and morbidity data A. Facilitate comparisons both within and across populations B. Help estimate the quantitative health benefits from interventions C. Serve as tools to assist with resource allocation D. All of the above

QUESTION 6 1. The disability-adjusted life year is defined as A. A health gap population summary measure that combines time lost due to disability with that lost due to death B. A measure to compare the gap between the current situation to that of an ideal situation C. A measure that combines the amount of healthy life lost due to morbidity with that lost due to injury. D. Answers B and C

QUESTION 7 1. True or false? A key limitation to mortality-based indicators is that they fail to account for the morbidity caused by disease. True False

QUESTION 8 1. The most widely used composite measure of population health is the DALY, and this epidemiological measure is the sum of morbidity and ________data. A. Years of life lost (YLL) B. Morbidity C. Infant mortality rates (IMR) D. none of the above

QUESTION 9 1. What would be the best source of information on adult and infant mortality (in high income countries)? A. Disease registers B. Vital statistics C. Special survey study D. Hospital clinic statistics

QUESTION 10 1. Which term is best used to describe the proportion of people in a population who have a defined disease at a specific point of time? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 11 1. Which term is best used to describe new cases of disease occurring in a population? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 12 1. Which term is used to describe the absence or presence of illness or disease? A. Demography B. Morbidity C. Mortality D. Vitality

QUESTION 13 1. Mortality (death indicators) include: A. Mortality rate B. Infant mortality rate C. Neonatal morality rate D. All of the above

QUESTION 14 1. True or false? The value of life is often implicit in the way resource allocation decisions are made, which suggests that these decisions should be as explicit, open, and transparent as possible. True False

QUESTION 15 1. _________________is projected as the number one leading cause of disease burden in 2030. A. Ischemic heart disease B. Diabetes mellitus C. HIV/AIDS D. Unipolar depression

QUESTION 16 1. Some of the negative aspects of globalization include A. Greater insecurity of employment B. Poorer housing and sanitation due to rapid urbanization C. Greater vulnerability to environmental degradation D. All of the above

QUESTION 17 1. Current concerns about climate change focus on several developments including A. Rising global average land and sea surface temperature B. Increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions C. Both A and B D. None of the above

QUESTION 18 1. True or false? Diseases carried by mosquitoes are especially sensitive to meteorological conditions because they are vulnerable to changes in the ambient temperature. As a result of changing temperatures, infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue have decreased in incidence and geographic range. True False

QUESTION 19 1. True or false? International cooperation of infectious disease control has a long history that includes obligatory reporting of outbreaks of specific diseases. However, compliance with obligatory reporting has been poor due to economic consequences that have often accompanied notification of disease outbreaks. True False

QUESTION 20 1. True or false? Globalization is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the mid-20th century. True False

(Finance Healthcare) Keep your response or summary to one page. How Much does the U.S. Spend on Healthcare?â Articule analisys is How much does the U.S. spend to treat different diseases? Information below!

1. Circulatory and ill-defined conditions, such as check-ups, are the largest categories of health spending.Circulatory conditions had been the largest contributor to health spending, for at least a decade, until 2012 when they were surpassed in total spending by ill-defined conditions (a category including check-ups, follow-up appointments, preventive care, and treatment of minor conditions such as colds, flus, and allergies). In 2012, about $250 billion was spent on ill-defined conditions, and $243 billion went toward the treatment of circulatory conditions.

2. The top 5 disease categories account for roughly half of spending. The top five disease-based spending categories (ill-defined conditions, circulatory, musculoskeletal, respiratory, endocrine, and nervous system conditions) account for roughly half (51%) of all medical services spending by disease category. Circulatory and ill-defined conditions each represent about 13% of overall health spending by disease and musculoskeletal, respiratory, and endocrine conditions represent 10%, 8%, and 7% respectively.

3. Spending grew fastest for ill-defined conditions and slowest for circulatory conditions from 2000 - 2012. From 2000 â 2012, among the major disease categories in the chart above, the fastest spending growth was on ill-defined conditions and endocrine disorders.

4. About a third of medical services cost growth was from ill-defined, musculoskeletal, and circulatory conditions. Ill-defined conditions accounted for 16.6% of medical services spending growth. Treatments for musculoskeletal disorders (which include back problems and arthritis) and circulatory diseases were the second and third largest contributors to overall health services spending growth over the 2000 â 2012 period. Together, these three disease areas account for 36% of health services spending growth by disease. While spending on the category of circulatory diseases grew slowest of all disease categories, it still accounts for a substantial portion of overall growth because it is such a large area of spending.

4. Among major disease categories, the cost per case grew fastest for infectious diseases.

The cost of treating infectious diseases has grown faster than any category (the price index for this category grew at an average annual growth rate of 6.1% from 2000 to 2012).

Price indexes in the Health Care Satellite Account differ from official price indexes in that they are not only influenced by the price of a given treatment, but also by greater treatment intensity per visit, shifts from lower-cost to higher-cost treatments, and movement into less restrictive insurance plans.

5.The number of treated cases grew fastest for endocrine disorders and ill-defined conditionsâ. The number of treated cases grew fastest for ill-defined conditions and endocrine disorders, each at an average annual growth rate of 4.3% from 2000-2012. (Because the spending changes above adjust for treatment cost, they primarily represent changes in the number of cases over the time period.)

6. The cost per case has grown faster than the number of treated cases in most years since 2001. Over the 2000 â 2012 period, the cost per case generally grew faster than the number of treated cases. 2012 was the first time in recent years that the number of treated cases grew faster than the cost per caseâ.

7.Increases in prices and service intensity have driven most of spending growth.

Over the 2000 â 2012 period, about 65% of per capita spending growth can be attributed to growth in the cost per case, with the remaining 35% due to non-price factors. (This estimate differs from that previously released by the BEA because the number of treated cases started to drive growth relatively more in the most recent years.)

8. Major disease categories have mostly seen better outcomes along with higher spending. Assessing the value of health care spending is challenging for a number of reasons (including limited availability of outcomes data, differences in categorization between data sources, and inability to control for socioeconomic and other external factors that influence health). Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are one way to measure health outcomes that account for both premature death and years lived with disability. In the 2005 â 2010 period, the increase in per capita spending generally corresponded with an improvement in DALYs. A study done by researchers at the BEA comparing spending and outcomes across 30 chronic conditions from 1987 - 2010 found that âoverall gains in health outcomes for the population more than offset the increase in the average cost of treatment, suggesting a positive net value for medical spending.â