HUBS1403 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Membrane Potential, Hydrophile, Integral Membrane Protein

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tealcrocodile766

31 Jul 2018

School

University of Newcastle

Department

Human Biosciences

Course

HUBS1403

Professor

karen mate

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Document Summary

The cellular level of organisation: all cells arise from existing cells by the process of cell division, in which one cell divides into two identical cells. We divide the cell into three main parts: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Examples include the cytoskeleton, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria. Large organelle that houses most of a cells dna. Each chromosome (cid:1679) a single molecule of dna, contains thousands of hereditary units = genes (cid:1679) control most aspects of cellular structure and function. Functions of plasma membrane: acts as a barrier separating inside/ outside of cell, controls the flow of substances into and out of cell, helps identify cell to other cells (eg. immune cells, participates in intercellular signalling. Basic structural framework of the plasma membrane. Two back to back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules (cid:1679) phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids. 75% phospholipid (contains phosperous) (cid:1679) polar head (hydrophilic)

Related Questions

BIOL 110 Principles of Biology

1.Describe the structure of a plasma membrane.

2.Define an amphipathic molecule and give an example.

3.Explain the difference between integral and peripheral proteins.

4.Describe the fluid-mosaic model of a membrane.

5.Identify and discuss the function of proteins located in the plasma membrane.

6.Explain the difference between glycoproteins and glycolipids.

7.Why can carbon form chemical bonds with so many elements?

8.Explain the meaning of concentration gradient as it pertains to movement of substances into and out of cells.

9.Explain diffusion and osmosis.

10.What molecule is thought to facilitate the movement of water molecules through a plasma membrane?

11.Explain the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane. Provide examples that occur in the human body.

12.Explain the impact to a cell if placed in a hypertonic solution; include a definition of hypertonic solution and why the change occurs.

13.Identify a similarity and difference between facilitated transport and active transport. Do not state that both move substances across the membrane.

14.Explain the sodium-potassium pump and identify the type of membrane protein involved.

15.Identify and explain the process used by cells to secrete substances.

16.Explain the composition of a plant cell wall and how it differs from the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell.

17.Explain the plasmodesmata and identify the kingdom in which they are found.

18.Define energy and identify the two basic forms of energy.

19.Define entropy.

20.Define metabolism.

21.Explain the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions.

22.What are coupled reactions and what roles can ATP serve in these reactions?

23.Explain the difference between oxidation and reduction reactions.

24.What is energy of activation?

25.What factors affect the speed of enzymatic reactions?

26.What is an electron transport chain?

27.What occurs at the active site of an enzyme?

28.Define enzymatic inhibition.

29.Define chemiosmosis.

30.Define vitamins and identify their function.

________30. If you are investigating the inner structure of a new cell and see that it has a significantly larger amount of RER than other cells. You would conclude the cell does a great deal of____?
A. ATP synthesis

B. protein synthesis
C. DNA synthesis
D. active transport
E. polysaccharide hydrolysis

________31. If a cell comes in contact with a toxic substance such as H2O2, it could survive as long as it has a ___ to digest it.
A. DNA
B. peroxisome

C. mitochondria
D. phospholipids
E. intermediate filaments

________32. Some cells have structures to help them withstand osmotic pressure. For example,
A. Plant cells due to their walls
B. Animal cells due to the sodium/potassium pumps

C. Bacterial cell due to their swimming

D. Viruses due to their protein coats

________33. Evolution occurs only as a cell ____.

A. They undergo mitosis
B. Change in their gene pool
C. They move from one habitat to another

D. They begin to eat different foods

________34. Ribosomes are produced in the

A. nucleoli.
B. chromatin.
C. nuclear envelopes.

D. Golgi complex. E. cisternae.

________35. Algae are often green, but there are red and brown species also. What accounts for this difference in color?
A. The chlorophyll of chloroplasts
B. The pigments in other plastids

C. The presence of a mitochondria
D. The accumulation of cellular wastes

________36. The chloroplast and other like prokaryotes have which of the following that helps with photosynthesis?
A. They live in water based environments
B. They have chloroplasts in their cytoplasm

C. Change color in the dark vs. the sun
D. They have photoreceptor proteins in their membranes or mesosomes.

________37. Located in the membrane, we see a set of proteins called receptors that only connect with or bind to specific substances. This is called __.
A. ligand specificity.
B. hormone selectivity.

C. cell tonicity.
D. water saturation. E. signal resolution.

________38. Of the following statements, we could say that ___ is false.
A. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
B. An organism's structure and all of its functions are due to the activities of cells.
C. The cellular organelles are the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
D. Cells come from preexisting cells.
E. Cells are made from nonliving components including the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.

________39. If it is really true that our cells are the smallest anatomical unit that meets all of the properties of life, then which of the following could imply otherwise?
A. vacuoles
B. centrioles

C. Golgi apparatus
D. mitochondria
E. endoplasmic reticulum

________40. Oxygen is an absolute need for animal and plant cells alike due to the ___.

A. RER
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosomes

D. DNA

________41. In a plasma membrane, we expect to see the carb/protein structures to extend into the ___, but the secondary messengers to move within the __.
A. extracellular fluid; cytosol
B. cytosol; extracellular fluid

C. intracellular fluid; cytosol

D. cytosol; intracellular fluid

E. extracellular fluid; plasma

________42. Bacteria are found in all of the following habitats:

A. Caves
B. Oceans
C. Animals

D. Everywhere on Earth

________43. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?
A. solute will move from solution A to solution B

B. solute will move from solution B to solution A

C. water will more from solution A to solution B

D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur

________44. In the kidney, we notice that almost all of the cells involved in the production of urine have high concentrations of the Na+/K+ pump. Which typically works to push Na+ ___ its concentration gradient by using ___.
A. up; active transport

B. up; facilitated transport
C. up; cotransport
D. down; active transport
E. down; facilitated transport

________45. In the charts of a patient recently admitted to the hospital noted that he was taking a medication called lithium and high doses of calcium supplements. Given this, we would expect the patientâs liver to have a higher than normal amount of __ to purify out the lithium and calcium.

A. lysosomes.
B. centrosomes.
C. mitochondria.
D. peroxisomes.
E. rough endoplasmic reticulum.

________46. We have long observed that our neural cells in the brain cannot replicate or replace themselves due to the lack of ____.
A. produce ATP.
B. divide.

C. produce enzymes.
D. secrete material across their plasma membrane E. conduct electrical signals.

________47. An organismâs structure and function is ultimately due to the structure and function of itâs __.
A. Organs
B. Tissues

C. Cells

D. Nuclei

20. All living things must maintain a constantinternal environment to function properly through the process of__. (Points : 2)

metamorphosis
alkalosis
homeostasis
cryogenesis

Question 21.21. Glucose, fructose, sucrose,starch and glycogen are all examples of ___. (Points : 2)

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

Question 22.22. Some insects can "walk onwater" because __. (Points : 2)

water has a high surfacetension
water is adhesive
water istransparent
water expands when itfreezes

Question 23.23. To overcome an energy barrierbetween reactants and products in a chemical reaction, energy mustbe provided to get the reaction started. This energy is called ___energy. (Points : 2)

potential
reaction
initiation
activation