PSY 102 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Statistical Inference, Confounding, Operational Definition
28 Jun 2018
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PSY - Chapter 2 - Research Methods
With out research designs, even intelligent and well-trained people can be fooled
Prefrontal lobotomy - surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal
lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus
Created changes in behaviour but none associated with schizophrenia
First mode of thinking: trusting your gut or known as intuitive thinking
Second mode of thinking: system 2 thinking or known as analytical thinking
Slow and reflective
Reasoning
Heuristic - mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline out
thinking and make sense of our world
Representative heuristic – judge probability of an event by its superficial
similarity to a prototype
oBase rate fallacy – fail to consider how common a given characteristics
or behaviour is in general population
Availability heuristic – estimating the likelihood of an event based on the
ease with which it comes to mind
Hindsight bias – “I knew it all along” effect, our tendency to overestimate
how well we could have predicted a given outcome
Over confidence – tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct
predictions across many domains
The scientific method is a toolbox of skills designed to counteract our tendency to
fool ourselves. All these tools have one thing in common: its permits to test
hypotheses
Theory – integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events
Effectively summarizes wide range of observations
Makes clear predictions that we can use to confirm the theory, generate new
ideas
Not redundant
Reliability – consistency of measurement
Test-retest – yields similar scores over time
Inter rater – consensus among people rating/making observations of a given
behaviour
Validity – extent to which a measurement is assessing what it claims to be assessing
Naturalistic observation - watching behaviour in real world setting without trying
to manipulate the situation
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Document Summary
With out research designs, even intelligent and well-trained people can be fooled. Prefrontal lobotomy - surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus. Created changes in behaviour but none associated with schizophrenia. First mode of thinking: trusting your gut or known as intuitive thinking. Second mode of thinking: system 2 thinking or known as analytical thinking. Heuristic - mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline out thinking and make sense of our world. Representative heuristic judge probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype: base rate fallacy fail to consider how common a given characteristics or behaviour is in general population. Availability heuristic estimating the likelihood of an event based on the ease with which it comes to mind. Hindsight bias i knew it all along effect, our tendency to overestimate how well we could have predicted a given outcome.
