PSYA02H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 12: Anal Retentiveness, Pseudoscience

• School: Ryerson University
• Department: Psychology
• Course: PSYA02H3
• Professor: Steve Joordens

Document Summary

To explain the phenomenon, freud and his daughter anna identified defense mechanisms, which are unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety, guilt, and other unpleasant feelings: i. e. person not sitting beside people of different ethnicities may try to rationalize his actions by convincing himself that his choice was based on seating space. Fixation results: excessive pleasure derived from eating, drinking, smoking, and other oral activities, excessive cleanliness (anal retentive) or sloppiness, castration anxiety (males) or penis envy (females, none, none. Two important concepts come into play when evaluating psychological testing: reliability and validity: reliability of a test refers to consistency it yields similar results; we"d expect to have reliability between therapists who evaluate responses, validity refers to how well the test measures what"s intended; projective tests intended to measure personality functioning but what if it"s actually measuring creativity, imagination.