S Disorder Definition Symptoms Etiology Men vs.Women Comorbidity Treatment
R Specific Phobia Unwarranted fears - Suffers intense PSYCHOANALYTIC 1 in 10 have it -- Rarely seek treatment (8%)
D (varies cross caused by the distress and social or - defence against the anxiety ~ 10 y.o BEHAVIORAL
R culturally) presence or occupational produced by repressed ID - Systematic Desensitization
O
I Blood, Injury, ANTICIPATION of a impairment impulses - In vivo exposure
D Injections specific object or - Panic attacks - repression stems from a - Virtual Reality
Situation situation particular interpersonal - Role-play
T Animals problems of childhood - Modelling
E Natural BEHAVIOURAL - Flooding
I Environments - Avoidance Conditioning COGNITIVE
N - Modelling (Vicarious learning - Homework + social skills
A 5 Factors + Anxious Rearing Model) training
- Fear of heights or
water - Prepared Learning (stimuli) - CBT
- Fear of being COGNITIVE - Face fears!
observed - cognitive diathesis/bias BIOLOGICAL
- Agoraphobia BIOLOGICAL - sedatives, tranquilizers,
- Threat fears - biological diathesis anxiolytics
- Speaking fears (autonomic liability) - benzodiazepines (Valium,
Xanax)
Social Phobia Persistent, irrational- avoid situations where Generalized = - Other - Antidepressants
(Generalized (Many - MAO **side effects
situations) OR fears linked generallythey might be Earlier Onset Anxiety
Specific (One to the presence of evaluated, fear of (adolescents + Disorders: -Prozac
situation)) other people revealing anxiousness + social - GAD
embarrassment interaction) - Specific
7.5% men phobias
8.7% Women - Panic
Disorders
- Avoidant
Personality
Disorder
- Mood
Disorders
**Generalized:
depression,
alcohol abuse Disorder Definition Symptoms Etiology Men vs.Women Comorbidity Treatment
Panic Disorder Suffers sudden and - laboured breathing BIOLOGICAL 2% men - Other BIOLOGICAL
(Cued or Uncued) often inexplicable - heart palpitations - Mitral valve prolapse 5% women Anxiety - antidepressants
(varies cross attack of symptoms - nausea syndrome Adolescence Disorders - SSRI's
culturally) - intense apprehension - genetic diathesis (80% of other - self medication
- chest pain PSYCHOLOGICAL anxiety PSYCHOLOGICAL
- choking/smothering - fear of fear hypothesis disorders have - Exposure-based treatment
- dizziness panic attacks) - In vivo exposure treatment
- sweating - MDD - Relaxation training,
- terror - GAD cognitive restructuring,
- feelings of doom - personality exposure to internal cues
- disorders - MBCT
DEPERSONALIZATI - drug use
ON
- DEREALIZATION
Generalized Persistent - Difficulty COGNITIVE- Mid-teens (or - Other DIFFICULT TO TREAT
Anxiety Disorder anxiousness, worry concentrating BEHAVIOURAL entire lives) Anxiety (18%)
about minor items. - worries - environment, not being able 4.2% men Disorders PSYCHOANALYTIC
Chronic, - easily tired to control, unpredictable = 7.1% women - Mood - help clients confront the
uncontrollable worry - restlessness anxiety, worry disorders true sources of their conflict
about all manners of - irritability - worry is a distraction from BEHAVIOURAL
things - high level of muscle other distressing images - reformulate anxiety to one
tension BIOLOGICAL or more phobias/cued
- genetic / Heritability anxieties AND treat
- GABA system defect - intensive relaxation training
PSYCHOANALYTICAL
- unconscious conflict between
COGNITIVE
ego and id - helplessness = modelling,
(unconscious conflict, thus operant shaping, verbal
anxiety without reason) instructions
- exaggerate exposure
CBT > drugs
BIOLOGICAL
- Bensodiazepines
- antidepressants (comorbid)
- **SIDE EFFECTS Disorder Definition Symptoms Etiology Men vs.Women Comorbidity Treatment
OCD Anxiety disorder in - fears of BEHAVIOURAL – Lifetime - Early Onset One of the most difficult
which the mind is contamination, COGNITIVE prevalence: 1- (~10) = psychological problems to
flooded with expressing - learned behaviours reinforced 2% Torrette's treat
persistent and sexual/aggressive by fear + anxiety reduction - women > men disorder - only 20% recover
uncontrollable impulse, bodily - deficit in prospective memory - early onset ~ - Other completely
thoughts (obsessions) dysfunction - a processing abnormality for men *checking Anxiety BEHAVIOURAL
and the individual is - extreme doubting threatening visual material compulsion* Disorders - Exposure and Response
compelled to repeat - procrastination (cognitive bias) - later onset ~ - Depression Prevention (ERP) --
certain acts again and - indecision - OCD people have trouble women - GAD FLOODING
again (compulsion), - fear change ignoring stimuli *cleaning - PTSD 90 min, 15-20 sessions, 3
suffering significant - need for control - thought-action-fusion compulsion* weeks
distress and - compulsion is ego- - inflated sense of COGNITIVE-
interference with dystonic responsibility BEHAVIOURAL
everyday functioning - inability to tolerate - exposure and response
- AWARE OF uncertainty prevention + to show there
ABSURDITY of - thought supression = are no catastrophic
compulsions obsessive phenomena consequences of not doing
BIOLOGICAL rituals
- genetics - Cognitive Restructuring
- brain tumours, head injuries, - Inference-based approach
encephalitis BIOLOGICAL
(frontal lobes & basal ganglia) - drugs that increase
- long term OCD = attention serotonin levels (SSRI)
and memory deficits - some tricyclics
PSYCHOANALYTIC - psychosurgery
- overly harsh toilet training (cingulatomy)
(stuck in anal stage) (sexual or - deep brain stimulation
aggressive instinctual forces system
not under control) PSYCHANALYTIC
- ID vs defense mechanism - resembles how to treat
- compulsive rituals to exert phobias
control for inferiority complex - lifting repression and
confronting true fears
**Not very effective
- learn to tolerate the
uncertainty and anxiety that
all people feel Disorder Definition Symptoms Etiology Men vs.Women Comorbidity Treatment
PTSD extreme response to a - Re-experiencing the - presumed etiology – a - 12 out of 13 - substance Best to intervene ASAP
severe stressor, traumatic event traumatic event or events that adolescents who abuse disorders - Psychological first-aid –
including increased - Avoidance of the person directly experiences experienced (PTSD immediate response to mental
anxiety, avoidance of stimuli/numbing of or witnessed involving death of sexual/physical precedes it) heath after a disaster or
stimuli associated responsiveness another, threat of death to abuse had PTSD terrorist event
with the trauma, and a -Symptoms of increase oneself, serious injury, threat to- 1 in 10 lifetime - Crisis intervention
numbing of emotional arousal (lack of sleep, physical integrity of self/others,prevalence - teaching relaxation training,
responses difficulty concentrating, AT RISK - males relative cognitive restructuring
- intense fear, horror hyper vigilance, - death, threat to life, early to females have - exposure to thoughts and
or helplessness exaggerated startle separation from parents, family higher levels of images of the frightening
responses) history of disorders, preexisting trauma exposure event
Acute Stress - anxiety, depression, disorder, previous exposure to - BUT females - educating patients on PTSD
Disorder: anger, substance abuse, trauma have higher - confronting fears
Symptoms are the marital problems, poor - dissociation symptoms during levels of PTSD - systematic desensitization
same as those of physical trauma - corrective aspects of
PTSD, but lasts health/occupational - insecure attachment style exposure (presently safe,
for 4 weeks or less impairment PSYCHOLOGICAL remembering =/=
-suicidal thoughts - classical conditioning of fear experiencing, no loss of
(avoidances built-up + control, anxiety decreases
negatively reinforced by being - EMDR
away from CS (alleyway) - rationale-emotive therapy
- lost of control + predictability - training in problem solving
PSYCHODYNAMIC - constructive-narrative
- memories of traumatic events process
occur constantly so it is either - psychoactive drugs:
consciously suppressed or antidepressants, tranquilizers
repressed SSRI
BIOLOGICAL ASSESS CLIENT
- diathesis of PTSD PREFERENCE FOR
- genetic vulnerability DRUGS (~comorbid with
(personality of neuroticism) depression) OR EXPOSURE
- increased sensitivity of -social support is critical
noradrenergic receptors Disorder Definition Symptoms Etiology Men vs.Women Comorbidity Treatment
S Pain Disorder the onset and - dependent on - Iatrogenic disability – - Positive - Pain Treatment:
R maintenance of pain, tranquilizers and pain unconscious motives that association 1. Validating that the pain
D caused largely by killers reinforce pain (sympathy from between reports is real and not just in the
R psychological factors - causes severe distressothers, attention from others) of pain patient’s head
O
I & impairment symptoms and 2. Relaxation training
D Most common - hard to pinpoint whereMALINGERING (?) diagnoses of 3. Rewarding for behaving
somatoform disorder the pain is due to its several of the in ways inconsistent with
M psychological influence anxiety disorders pain (toughing it out)
R - significant grey-matter and/or depression - antidepressants reduce
F decreases in the pain when associated with
O prefrontal, cingulated, depression
T and insular cortex
A regions (modulates
M subjective pains)
O
S - Everything interpreted
in the context of pain
Bodily Preoccupation with - frequent consultations - Women: - depression - only 9% show remission
Dysmorphic imagined or with plastic surgeons breast, hips, - social phobia over the course of one year
Disorder (BDD) exaggerated defects in - constantly looking in legs, face, skin - eating disorder - hard to treat
physical appearance mirror (hours) to check - Men: height, - suicidal PSYCHOLOGICAL and
for defects penis size, ideation P
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