PS268 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Chewing Tobacco, Mesenchyme, Circulatory System
Module II: Legal Recreational Drugs
(Chapter 10
−
Tobacco)
10.1 − Tobacco History
Early Uses
- Aboriginals were first to use tobacco
- People in San Salvador presented Columbus with tobacco as a birthday present
- Either took (used) snuff or drank (smoked) tobacco
- Tobacco origin:
o Two-pronged tube used by aboriginals to take snuff
o Developed from province of Tobaccos in Mexico
- When member of Columbus’ party returned back to Europe, people were convinced he
was possessed because of smoke coming from his mouth and nose
Early Medical Uses:
- Introduced as an herb that treated almost everything
o Persistent headaches
o Cold or catarrh
o Abscesses and sores on heads
- 14 books mentioned medicinal value of tobacco
- Jean Nicot used it to cure migraines
- 1565 − plant called nicotiana
o Called active ingredient nicotine
- Tobacco should be avoided by (among others):
o Women with children
o Men who desire children
The Spread of Tobacco Use
- Two Major Species
1. Nicotiana Tobacum:
o Large-leaf species, grown in 100+ countries
2. Nicotiana Rustica:
o Small-lead species, existed in West Indies and Eastern North America
- The Spanish had a monopoly on tobacco sales in Europe
- 1612 − Tobacum species grew well in Virginia
o 1619 − cultivation of tobacco prohibited in England
- One of the major exports from American colonies to Endland
- 1800 − tobacco commercially grown in Canada
o Imperial Tobacco Canada Limited
o Rothmans, Benson, and Hedges Incorporated
o JTI-MacDonald Corporation
- Most of the tobacco grown in Ontario was grown near Delhi and Tillsonburg
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Snuff
- 18th century
o Smoking gradually diminished
o Snuff replaced pipe in England
Chewing Tobacco
- Chewing Tobacco: suitable activity for country on the go
o Freed-up hands and can spit anywhere
- 1860 − only 7/348 companies made smoking tobacco
- Start of 20th century was approximate high point for chewing tobacco
o Sales slowly declined throughout early part of that century
- Chewing tobacco remained big part of MLB over the years
Cigars
- Cigarette smoking becoming popular
o Cigar manufacturers did best to keep under control
- Suggested:
1. Cigarettes drugged with opium
2. Paper bleached with arsenic and was harmful
- Cigar sales reached highest level in 1920
o Lower cost
o Led to emergence of cigarettes as leading form of tobacco use
Cigarettes
- First British cigarette factory started in 1856
- Late 1850s − Philip Morris produced handmade cigarettes
- 1881 − first cigarette-making machine
- 1885 − more than 1 billion cigarettes sold yearly
- Camels (1913):
o Contained hint of Turkish tobacco
- Filter cigarettes (1954) took over the market
10.2 − Tobacco Under Attack & Tobacco History in Canada
Tobacco Under Attack
- King James of England:
o Published strong anti-tobacco pamphlet stating that tobacco was harmful to brain
and dangerous to lungs
▪ Still supported tobacco growing
- 1908 − NYC:
o Illegal for women to smoke in public
▪ Led to the roaring 20s
• Women were expelled from school/dismissed from jobs for smoking
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find more resources at oneclass.com
- 1930s-40s − attack on tobacco: major health problem
o Possible link between smoking and cancer
- Two ways to respond to the threats:
1. Formation of the supposed council for tobacco research to research health claims
2. Mass marketing of filter cigarettes and cigarettes with lowered tar/nicotine content
- 1964 − advisory committee on smoking and health
o Cigarette smoking cause for increased lung cancer in men
- 1965 − cigarette packages required to include a surgeon’s general warning
- 1971 − television and radio ads banned
- 1989 − smoking on busses and airplanes banned
- Smoking ban in public buildings
o Bars, offices, restaurants, etc.
- 6300 people die/year from second hand smoke
Tobacco History in Canada
- 1908 − tobacco restraint act passed in Canada
o Banned sales of cigarettes to people under 16
- Link between smoking and lung cancer established in medical literature in 1950s
o Tobacco industry tried to hide negative health effects
- 1974 − Canadian Council on Smoking and Health:
o Canadian Cancer Society
o Canadian Heart Foundation
o Heart and Stroke Foundation
o Canadian Lung Association
- 1988-1989 − federal laws enacted to prohibit tobacco advertising; smoke-free workplaces
o Also required manufacturers list out additives and amounts
o Required them to put a health warning on packages
- 1993 − raised legal age to 18
- 1994 − bigger warning messages required on cigarette packs
- 1995 − Supreme Court of Canada squashed ban on tobacco advertising
- 1997
o Tobacco Act: restricted promotions, packaging and products
▪ Imposed point-of-sale restrictions
The Quest for Safer Cigarettes
- If nicotine content of cigarettes is varied, smoking behaviour also changes
- Tar: sticky brown stuff
o Seen on filter after cigarette is smoked
- Introduced safer cigarettes (1950s)
o Filter cigarettes
o 1980s − low tar and nicotine cigarettes dominated market
- Safer doesn’t necessarily mean safe
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Module ii: legal recreational drugs (chapter 10 tobacco) People in san salvador presented columbus with tobacco as a birthday present. Either took (used) snuff or drank (smoked) tobacco (cid:498)tobacco(cid:499) origin: two-pronged tube used by aboriginals to take snuff, developed from province of tobaccos in mexico. When member of columbus" party returned back to europe, people were convinced he was possessed because of smoke coming from his mouth and nose. Introduced as an herb that treated almost everything: persistent headaches, cold or catarrh, abscesses and sores on heads. 14 books mentioned medicinal value of tobacco. Jean nicot used it to (cid:498)cure(cid:499) migraines: called active ingredient (cid:498)nicotine(cid:499) Tobacco should be avoided by (among others): women with children, men who desire children. Two major species: nicotiana tobacum, large-leaf species, grown in 100+ countries, nicotiana rustica, small-lead species, existed in west indies and eastern north america. The spanish had a monopoly on tobacco sales in europe.
