PSYC 3430 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Ingroups And Outgroups, Social Capital, Alexis De Tocqueville
10 Feb 2017
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Document Summary
Baumeister and leary suggest that much of human behaviour is motivated by the need to belong. Solitude is sometimes rewarding, but most adults prefer the company of others. Most adults live with others, they spend most of their time with others, and an enormous number of groups exist. Putnam suggest that levels of social capital are decreasing due to reductions in involvement in groups, but these shifts may indicate changes in the kinds of associations people seek rather than a reduction per se. Groups help members avoid basic forms of loneliness: social (when people feel cut off by their network of friends, etc) and emotional (lack of long-term, meaningful, intimate relationship with another person) Ostracism, or deliberate exclusion from groups, is highly stressful, as indicated by self-reports of negative affect in everyday situations and people"s reactions in experimental studies of exclusion. The temporal need-threat model of ostracism developed by williams identifies a three-stage response to exclusion: reflexive, reflective, resignation.
