BIOL 2P02 Lecture Notes - Coding Strand, Stop Codon, Transcription Bubble

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7 Dec 2013

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Restriction enzymes are only a bacteria, its part of the defense system used in biotechnology. Genome: all the genetic material that goes in making an organism: you can say all the dna for this course, also involves all the rna that is necessary. As you get older the telomeres get shorter and after a certain amount of time the cell dies. Only a few genes need to be active at a time. What is a eukaryotic gene: the entire nucleic acid sequence that is necessary for the synthesis of a functional polypeptide or rna molecule: eukaryotic gene has exons and introns. This comes at the cost of greater complexity and time needed to make a protein. Eukaryotic transcription: initiation, elongation, termination: catalyzyzed by rna polymerase (dna dependent rna polymerase) Transcription bubble : dna transitenly separated into single strands. One strand is used as a template. Rate = 50-100 nucleotides/second at 37 degrees celcius: rna polymerase.

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The function of tRNA is to

Select one:

a. provide a site for polypeptide synthesis

b. transport amino acids to the ribosome

c. transcribe DNA

d. transform DNA

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The lipid bi-layer is

Select one:

a. hydrophilic

b. hydrophobic

c. hydrophilic and hydrophobic

d. depends on the surrounding medium

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Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select one:

a. carbohydrates are generally hydrophilic molecules.

b. living things use carbohydrates for structure and for energy storage.

c. carbohydrates are composed principally of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

d. none of the above â they are all true

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Which of the following terms correctly describes a compound featuring more than one double bond?

Select one:

a. saturated

b. polyunsaturated

c. monounsaturated

d. disaturated

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Eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are protected from modification by

Select one:

a. 5' caps

b. 5' poly-A caps

c. 3' caps

d. 5'-3' poly tails

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The methods of membrane transport that don't require protein channels or carriers are

Select one:

a. osmosis

b. diffusion

c. phagocytosis

d. exocytosis

e. all of the above

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Complete the following sentences: "Primary active transport is dependent on __________. Secondary active transport is dependent on __________ created by __________.

Select one:

a. channel proteins, electrochemical gradient, carrier proteins

b. electrochemical gradient, ATP, mitochondria

c. electrochemical gradient, ATP, primary active transport

d. ATP, electrochemical gradient, primary active transport

e. carrier proteins, electrochemical gradient, channel protein

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Which of the following is a reduced compound?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. O2

c. N2

d. NAD +

e. NADH

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Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their:

Select one:

a. base sequence

b. size

c. percentage of labelled nucleotides

d. electrical charge

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G0 is:

Select one:

a. part of interphase

b. the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs

c. the phase of the cell cycle where two identical daughter cells are created

d. a special "resting" phase in which cells are in a non cycling state

e. a special phase where the number of chromosomes in a parent cell is reduced by half such that each daughter cell contains only one member of a pair of homologous chromosomes

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At which pH will the concentration of hydrogen ions be equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions?

Select one:

a. pH 1

b. pH 5

c. pH 7

d. pH 9

e. pH 14

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Which of the following enzymes has proofreading activity?

Select one:

a. Ligase

b. Helicase

c. Topoisomerase

d. DNA polymerase

e. Peptidyl transferase

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The process of _______________ cuts introns from the primary transcript and the final "processed" mRNA is produced.

Select one:

a. RNA cleaving

b. RNA translocation

c. RNA elongation

d. RNA splicing

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Transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to

Select one:

a. a promoter

b. an initiator

c. a transciptor

d. a codon

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Complete the following sentences: "__________ connect the extracellular matrix with microfilaments. __________ connect intermediate filaments from adjacent cells."

Select one:

a. Cadherins, Integrins

b. Connexins, Cadherins

c. Integrins, Cadherins

d. Integrins, Connexins

e. Connexins, Integrins

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Which of the following regions of RNAs are translated?

Select one:

a. 5' UTR

b. exons

c. introns

d. 3' UTR

e. poly-A

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Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Select one:

a. only the transcriptional level

b. epigenetic and transcriptional levels

c. epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels

d. epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels

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Cellular organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes are called:

Select one:

a. peroxisomes

b. lysosomes

c. ribosomes

d. mesosomes

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______ are chemicals or combinations of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in order to keep the pH constant.

Select one:

a. acids

b. bases

c. salts

d. buffers

e. carbohydrates

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Which of the following proteins appear in some stages of the cell cycle and are degraded at other stages?

Select one:

a. kinases

b. cyclins

c. nucleotides

d. phosphatases

e. none of the above

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Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

Select one:

a. mitochondrion photosynthesis

b. nucleus cellular respiration

c. ribosome manufacture of lipids

d. lysosome movement

e. central vacuole storage

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What is the sequence corresponding to the following electropherogram obtained by Sanger sequencing (green: A; red:T; black: G; blue: C)?

Select one:

a. CCGTTATGAAC

b. GGCTTATGAAG

c. CAACTATTGCC

d. GGCAATAGTTG

e. CCGTTATCAAC

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Which of the following statement is true

Select one:

a. the two DNA strands are parallel and complementary

b. the two DNA strands are anti parallel and non-complementary

c. the two DNA strands are anti-parallel and complementary

d. none of these

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The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is specifically called

Select one:

a. metabolism

b. anabolism

c. catabolism

d. enzymatic reactions

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When DNA replication starts

Select one:

a. the phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent nucleotides break

b. the bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break

c. the leading strand produces Okazaki fragments

d. the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strand break

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A(n)_______ is the movement of a segment of a chromosome from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome

Select one:

a. inversion

b. translocation

c. deletion

d. duplication

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Complete the following sentences: "Replication forks from the same origin of replication extend __________. __________ DNA strand is used as template for the leading strand at one fork and for the lagging strand at the second fork. New DNA is synthesized from 5' to 3' on the __________."

Select one:

a. unidirectionally, A different, both the leading and lagging strands

b. bidirectionally, The same, leading strand

c. bidirectionally, The same, lagging strand

d. unidirectionally, A different, leading strand

e. bidirectionally, The same, both the leading and lagging strands

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Manufacturing recombinant DNA molecules involves cutting a gene from its normal location, inserting it into a circular piece of DNA from a bacterial cell, and then transferring the circle of DNA to cells of another species. Which of the below describe the circular piece of DNA?

Select one:

a. restriction enzyme

b. plasmid

c. bacteriophage

d. transposon

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Complete the following chemical equation to make it balanced: glycerol + ___ ? triacylglycerol + ___

Select one:

a. 3 fatty acid, 3 H2O

b. fatty acid, H2O

c. 3 OH-, 3 H+

d. 3 H2O, 3 fatty acid

e. fatty acid, 3 H2O

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Which structure is found in plant cells but not animal cells? Check all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Cell wall

b. Chloroplast

c. Plastid

d. Central vacuole

e. Lysosomes

brownhound170

Which of the following did Erwin Chargaff observe?

A)	Base composition changes as the organism ages.

B)	Base composition of DNA does not vary from one species toanother.

C)	In all species the number of adenines equals the number ofguanines.

D)	In all species A + T = G + C.

E)	DNAs isolated from different tissues of the same species havethe same base composition.

The melting temperature (Tm) of a DNA duplex is:

A)	the temperature at which double-stranded nucleic acids degradeinto free nucleotides.

B)	the temperature at which double-stranded DNA is toosingle-stranded to ever renature back to double strands.

C)	the temperature at which double-stranded DNA is completelymelted.

D)	the temperature at which double-stranded DNA has become 50%single-stranded.

E)	the temperature at which double-stranded DNA begins to melt.

Given your knowledge and the descriptions of each of thesemethods, which of the following does NOT rely on the ability ofnucleic acids to hybridize with each other?

A)	Southern blotting for the detection of specific DNA fragmentsthat have been separated by gel electrophoresis.

B)	Colony blot hybridization to identify a specific sequence from acollection of sequences that have been inserted into bacteria.

C)	Northern blotting for the detection of specific RNA fragmentsthat have been separated by gel electrophoresis.

D)	A DNA oligonucleotide microarray incubated with probes made fromcDNA.

E)	Western blotting for the detection of specific proteins thathave been separated by gel electrophoresis.

Which of the following is a possible reason why DNA uses thymineinstead of uracil?

A)	Cytidine is deaminated to uracil so it would be difficult forany repair mechanism to differentiate between uracil that belongsin the sequence and uracil that resulted from deamination.

B)	Adenine is deaminated to uracil so it would be difficult for anyrepair mechanism to differentiate between uracil that belongs inthe sequence and uracil that resulted from deamination.

C)	When uracil is bound to a deoxyribose it will become morereactive, forming covalent bonds with other bases.

D)	None of the above.

Which of the following is an enzyme used in cloning to breakcovalent bonds?

A)	DNA ligase

B)	Restriction endonuclease

C)	Reverse transcriptase

D)	DNA polymerase I

E)	Alkaline phosphatase

Which of the following could you use to remove the 5' phosphatesafter cleavage of a plasmid with a single type of restrictionenzyme to ensure that the plasmid would not simply fuse backtogether upon addition of ligase?

A)	Reverse transcriptase

B)	Alkaline phosphatase

C)	DNA ligase

D)	DNA polymerase I

E)	Restriction endonuclease

Which of the following would you use to create a cDNA librarythat you would not use for a genomic library?

A)	Alkaline phosphatase

B)	Reverse transcriptase

C)	Restriction endonuclease

D)	DNA ligase

E)	DNA polymerase I

A plasmid vector typically has which of the followingfeatures?

A)	An origin of replication

B)	A selectable marker to ensure that the only bacteria growingcontain the intact or recombinant vector.

C)	Unique restriction sites for insertion of DNA.

D)	Small size to facilitate entry into the cell and biochemicalmanipulation of the DNA.

E)	All of the above are features of plasmid vectors.

Which of the following is FALSE of genomic or cDNAlibraries?

A)	Genes represented in cDNA libraries include control sequencesthat direct transcription.

B)	cDNA libraries contain cDNAs made from mRNA.

C)	Genomic libraries contain fragments of genomic DNA that aregenerated by partial digests with restriction enzymes.

D)	Genomic libraries usually contain large fragments and are likelyto be constructed in YAC or BAC vectors.

E)	cDNA libraries contain sequences from expressed genes only.

Which of the following is NOT a typical component of apolymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

dNTPs

B)	DNA containing the sequences to be amplified

C)	DNA ligase to connect the fragments together

D)	Primers complementary to each end of the sequence to beamplified

E)	Heat stable Taq polymerase

How can a fusion protein be formed?

A)	Site-directed mutagenesis where a fragment is replaced with asynthetic sequence containing the altered DNA sequence.

B)	Two proteins can recombine in the bacterial cell to form a newhybrid protein.

C)	Portions of two different genes are ligated together to create anew hybrid gene. When expressed the gene product is a fusion of thetwo gene products.

D)	Using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to introduce specificmutations that cause the expressed protein to fuse to otherproteins.

E)	A portion of the gene can be removed to form a shorter gene andtherefore a shorter protein.

Why is green fluorescent protein (GFP) so useful in visualizingfusion proteins in eukaryotes?

A)	The GFP protein recognizes and binds to fusion proteins allowingthe location of the fusion protein to be determined.

B)	The reaction is only dependent on the presence of GFP and oneother cofactor.

C)	It is easily cloned and expressed in bacterial cells.

D)	The presence of just a few molecules of GFP fusion proteins canbe sufficient for observing the proteins microscopically allowingthe study of its location and movements in the cell.

E)	It is derived from fire flies, which are easy to cultivate inthe lab.

You wish to determine the cellular location of a protein butunfortunately it is not particularly antigenic (can t develop astrong antibody response). How could you solve this problem?

A)	Create a fusion protein with an epitope tag that can bevisualized by incubation with fluorescently tagged antibody to theepitope.

B)	Create a fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFP).

C)	Express the protein as a fusion with biotin. The addition of GFPwill cause fluorescence.

D)	A and B might work.

E)	A, B, and C might work.

F)	None of the above will work.

A positive result for the yeast two-hybrid analysis means thefollowing:

A)	The proteins that you are studying can be made into fusionproteins, but do NOT interact with each other within the nucleus ofyeast.

B)	A fusion protein containing the Gal4p activation domain, hasbound to RNA polymerase resulting increase transcription ofnumerous genes, including the reporter gene, and formation ofcolonies.

C)	Two fusion proteins, one containing the Gal4p binding sitedomain and one containing the Gal4p activation domain, haveinteracted through their Gal4p domains resulting in transcriptionof the reporter gene.

D)	Two fusion proteins interact with each other and because of theGal4p binding site domain and the Gal4p activation domain containedin each fusion protein, the reporter genes are activated and thecells die resulting in no colonies.

E)	The colonies growing are expressing the two fusion proteins, butthe two proteins have not interacted with each other.

Which of the following is the approximate size of the humangenome?

3 Gm

300 Kb

3 Mb

3 Gb

3 Mm

Which of the following is correct about the structure orlocation of genes?

Question 22 options:

A)	Prokaryotic genes typically possess their own regulatorysequences that only control expression of a single gene.

B)	Eukaryotic genes often encode introns that are spliced outbefore translation.

C)	Eukaryotic genes are mostly located at the telomeres and thecentromeres of chromosomes.

D)	Eukaryotic genes are typically arranged in operons.

E)	Prokaryotic genes often encode exons that are spliced out beforetranslation

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BIOL 2P02 Lecture Notes - Coding Strand, Stop Codon, Transcription Bubble

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