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MMI133 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Obligate Aerobe, Microaerophile, Osmotic Pressure

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amaranthcod542
5 Dec 2017
School
University of Alberta
Department
Medical Microbiology and Immunology
Course
MMI133
Professor
Judy Gnarpe

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Document Summary

Metabolism: sum (net) total of all chemical reactions. Enzymes: used to speed up / catalyze reactions. Enzymes are picky, they only work with specific substrate and sometimes they need a cofactor. If the temperature is too high or too low the enzyme will not work. If there is not enough substrate, the enzyme activity will be lower. Enzymes need water and salt interferes with water concentration. Inhibitors prevent enzymes from working in 2 ways. Microbes need atp to run cellular processes, most microbes use glucose for energy with cellular respiration. Anaerobic cellular respiration: creates 2-4 atp per glucose molecule. Aerobic cellular respiration: creates 36-38 atp per glucose molecule. Some bacteria can withstand cold and some like warm environments. If its too high or too low, proteins can denature. Need to be treated with antibiotics that can penetrate other cells. Reproduction: bacteria reproduce by binary fission - the splitting of bacteria to form an identical daughter cell.

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Related Questions

Enzymes Lab Report

Biology 1408

  1. Temperature and Enzyme Activity

  1. Based on Lab, Section III, Exercise 3 record the relative colorintensity at five-minute intervals to determine the temperaturerange for catechol oxidase.

Time

(min)

Tube 1

4oC

Tube 2

23oC

Tube 3

40oC

Tube 4

60oC

Tube 5

80oC

Tube 6

100oC

0

5

10

  1. Construct a bar graph of the data for the ten-minute readings.Label axes and provide units. Sign, date and prepare an image ofyour graph and include it with this lab report.

  1. What is the optimal temperature range for catechol oxidaseactivity?

  1. pH and Enzyme Activity
  1. Within what pH range will catechol oxidase catalyze catecholand oxygen to form benzoquinone?

4-12

  1. Define pH.
  1. What is the role of catechol in the experiment?
  1. Which test tube contains the most acidic buffer solution?
  1. Cofactors and Enzyme Activity

  1. What is a cofactor?

  1. What cofactor is necessary for catechol oxidase activity?

Summary Questions

  1. What was the role of catechol oxidase in the experiments?

  1. What was the purpose of developing a color intensityscale?

  1. Identify three factors that influence the rate of enzymaticreactions.
  1. Examine the data in Exercise 3 and suggest a hypothesisexplaining why people with a fever feel tired and listless.

With high fever, enzymestructure changes and no longer act as a catalyst

  1. People who have been suddenly submerged in cold water andremained for long periods of time have survived. Examine the datain Exercise 3 and explain how this is possible.

Low temperature ranges willinhabit the reaction of the speed of chemical reaction incells

  1. How does pH range affect the function and structure of catecholoxidase?

Help the enzymes functionbetter

  1. The stomach maintains a pH of approximately 3 to 5. Do allenzymes function at this pH level? Examine the data in Exercise 4and determine if catechol oxidase would function in the stomach.

No, most enzymes functionbetter at ph 6-8

  1. What is enzyme specificity? Give an example.

A specific substrate fits aspecific enzyme.

Enzymes Lab Report

  1. Enzyme Structure and Function

  1. Define the following:

  1. enzyme
  1. substrate
  1. Explain how enzymes function.

  1. Go to Lab, Section I, Exercise 1 to participate in an activitythat demonstrates the importance of enzymes. Record the colorintensity of the solution in each test tube at five and tenminutes.

Time

(min)

Tube S1

Potato Extract + Catechol

Tube S2

Potato Extract + Water

Tube S3

Catechol + Water

0

5

10

  1. How can benzoquinone be detected?
  1. Why were potatoes used in the experiment?

  1. Enzyme Specificity

  1. Based on Section II, Exercise 2, as determined by colorintensity, to what extent does catechol oxidase react withhydroquinone?
  1. What was the role of hydroquinone in the experiment?

  1. Temperature and Enzyme Activity

  1. Based on Lab, Section III, Exercise 3 record the relative colorintensity at five-minute intervals to determine the temperaturerange for catechol oxidase.

Time

(min)

Tube 1

4oC

Tube 2

23oC

Tube 3

40oC

Tube 4

60oC

Tube 5

80oC

Tube 6

100oC

0

5

10

  1. Construct a bar graph of the data for the ten-minute readings.Label axes and provide units. Sign, date and prepare an image ofyour graph and include it with this lab report.

  1. What is the optimal temperature range for catechol oxidaseactivity?

  1. pH and Enzyme Activity
  1. Within what pH range will catechol oxidase catalyze catecholand oxygen to form benzoquinone?
  1. Define pH.
  1. What is the role of catechol in the experiment?
  1. Which test tube contains the most acidic buffer solution?
  1. Cofactors and Enzyme Activity

  1. What is a cofactor?

  1. What cofactor is necessary for catechol oxidase activity?

Summary Questions

  1. What was the role of catechol oxidase in the experiments?

  1. What was the purpose of developing a color intensityscale?

  1. Identify three factors that influence the rate of enzymaticreactions.
  1. Examine the data in Exercise 3 and suggest a hypothesisexplaining why people with a fever feel tired and listless.

  1. People who have been suddenly submerged in cold water andremained for long periods of time have survived. Examine the datain Exercise 3 and explain how this is possible.

  1. How does pH range affect the function and structure of catecholoxidase?

  1. The stomach maintains a pH of approximately 3 to 5. Do allenzymes function at this pH level? Examine the data in Exercise 4and determine if catechol oxidase would function in the stomach.

  1. What is enzyme specificity? Give an example.

1. name two human activities that can increase the temperature of a body of water and describe how each activity would cause the change in temperature. what other WQI parameter might be affected by an increase in temperature?

2. Name at least two effects a change in temperature would have on the aquatic organisms found in a body of water?

3. What might be the cause of high levels of fecal coliform in a body of water? Though most strains of E. coli are non-pathogenic, why might a scientist be concerned by multiple "positive" fecal coliform tubes and a high calculated MPN for a sample of water?

4. a) you visit Otter Lake at 7:00am to collect water for your team's Capstone Project. While you are there, you measure the dissolved oxygen (DO) of the lake and find the DO value to be 60% saturation. On the way home, your water containers fall over and all of your water spills out. One of your teammates returns to Otter Lake at 5:00 pm to collect more water and measure the DO again but finds the DO value to be 100% saturation. How would you explain the difference in DO measurements between teammates?

b) after getting home, your teammate reviews Appendix B in the lab manual and realizes they needed to collect 7 liters of water, but only collected 3 liters. You advise your teammate to empty out the water they collected and you return to Otter Lake once again to collect all 7 liters of water. You arrive at Otter Lake at 10:00 pm and measure the dissolved oxygen. At 10:00 pm you find the DO value to be 80% saturation. How would you exolain the difference in DO measurements between teammates?