BIOC34H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Distal Convoluted Tubule, Tubular Fluid, Proximal Tubule

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29 May 2019

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Lecture 20: acid-base balance: acid-base regulation in the proximal tubule during acidosis, during acidosis, kidney will increase excretion of h+ and increase. Within proximal tubule filtered hco3 with secreted h+ to form h2o and co2 (catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase) (1) Co2 diffuses from the tubular fluid into the epithelial cells (2) where it is hydrated back into hco3- and h+ (via carbonic anhydrase). Is reabsorbed (in co-transport with na+ or in back into tubules (3) while hco3 exchange for a cl- ion) (4, 5). Thus, acidosis is countered by increased retention of hco3 event of an alkalosis, bicarbonate reabsorption and proton secretion would be reduced. Ions, while excess h+ is excreted in urine (as water). In the: acid-base regulation in the distal tubule during acidosis, process involves synthesis of bicarbonate. Hco3 tubule, there are 4 main exchange mechanisms for synthesis of hco3-: on apical membrane (inside tubule), there are h+ pumps and h+/k+ antiporters.

Related Questions

3. Ms. X is a 35 year old school teacher who suffers from acid indigestion and self-medicates by drinking baking soda dissolved in water.

Which acid-base disorder would you expect to develop in this client?

A. Respiratory Acidosis

B. Respiratory Alkalosis

C. Metabolic Alkalosis

D. Metabolic Acidosis

4. Ms. X is a 35 year old school teacher who suffers from acid indigestion and self-medicates by drinking baking soda dissolved in water.

What effect does metabolic acidosis have on respiratory rate?

	a.	decrease
	b.	increase
	c.	both increase and decrease
	d.	none of the above

5. When comparing systemic capillaries to pulmonary capillaries, which of the following statements is true?

	a.	The hydrostatic pressure at the arteriolar end of the systemic capillary is higher that the hydrostatic pressure at the arteriolar end of the pulmonary capillaries.
	b.	The hydrostatic pressure at the VENULAR end of the systemic capillary is LOWER than the hydrostatic pressure at the VENULAR end of the pulmonary capillaries.
	c.	The OSMOTIC pressure at the VENULAR end of the systemic capillary is LOWER than the osmotic pressure at the VENULAR end of the pulmonary capillaries.
	d.	None of the above

6. The osmotic pressure within a capillary is an absorptive force. The osmotic pressure develops as a result of which of the following?

	a.	carbohydrates
	b.	lipids
	c.	proteins
	d.	nucleic acids

7. Which of the following organs synthesizes albumin?

	a.	kidney
	b.	liver
	c.	spleen
	d.	heart

8. Ascites is due to which of the following?

	a.	liver dysfunction
	b.	reduced plasma albumin levels
	c.	excessive loss of fluid from to capillary into the interstitial space
	d.	all of the above

9. Which of the following diseases is associated with ascites?

	a.	alcoholism
	b.	MALNUTRITION
	c.	both a and b
	d.	none of the above

10. Which of the following tteatments isused to resolve ascites caused by alcoholic liver dicrease

	A.	paracentesis
	B.	liver transplant
	C.	CESSATION OF ALCOHO; COMSUMPTION
	D.	all of the above

QUESTION 11:

At pH 7.4, some of the H₂CO₃ produced from a reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase immediately dissociates into

A. H⁺, CO₂

B. H⁺, HCO₃^-

C. OH^-, CO₂

D. OH^-, HCO₃^-

	a.	.
	b.	.
	c.	.
	d.	.

12. The pH of the patientâs blood is 7.7. The patient is alkalotic and her ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is

A. 10 to 1

B. 20 to 1

C. 30 to 1

D. 40 to 1

E. 50 to 1

13. THE NORMAL VALUE FOR THE BICARBONATE ION IS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?

	a.	240 mEq/l
	b.	24 mEq/L
	c.	40 mEq/L
	d.	none of the above

violetcattle746

3. The second stage of urine formation is called _________. Cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) have special projections called _________ which increase their surface area, thus enabling the PCTs to transport about 70% of filtrate back into blood. 4. When a person is dehydrated, their blood volume and blood pressure are too low. Two hormones reduce the loss of sodium and water from the body during dehydration by concentrating urine to prevent further water loss. The first hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is called __________; this hormone stimulates sodium retention by nephrons. The second hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland and is called _________; this hormone cause water retention by nephrons. 5. ___________is the waste product of cellular respiration (ATP synthesis). This waste product must be eliminated from the body because it becomes toxic at high levels. This waste product combines with water in blood to form carbonic acid, which is then converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ions lower blood pH, causing it to become too acidic. Kidneys are able to sense high H+ levels in blood and actively transport hydrogen ions (and other toxic blood borne chemicals) from blood into urine during ___________, the third stage of urine formation.

turquoisecat964

1) Which is NOT characteristic of metabolism during theabsorptive state?

a) oxidation of about 50% of the glucose absorbed from a typicalmeal

b) conversion of glucose to glycogen in hepatocytes

c) gluconeogenesis using amino acids

d) glucose not picked up by the liver is converted intotriglycerides.

e) deamination of absorbed amino acids which enteredhepatocytes.

2) In the Krebs cycle, an oxidation-reduction reaction is likelycoupled with a substrate-level phosphorylation. True or False?

3) Glycolysis is an example of oxidative phosphorylation. trueor false?

4)Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a)In the proximal convoluted tubule, sodium ions are reabsorbedthrough the apical membrane by the Na⁺ -glucosesymporters and Na⁺ /H⁺ antiporters

b) In the loop of Henle, Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl^- Symporters reclaim sodium, potassiumand chloride from fluid in the tubule lumen.

c)In the distal convoluted tubule, sodium resorption is mainlyby osmosis

d) In the collecting duct, principle cells absorb sodium.

5) Which of the following might indicated abnormal kidneyfunction?

a)creatinine clearance less than 120-140 mL/min

b)serum creatinine less than 1.5 mg/dL (135 mmol/liter)

c) glucose in the urine

d) creatinine clearance less than 120-140 mL/min and serumcreatinine less than 1.5 mg/dL (135 mmol/liter) are bothcorrect

e)creatinine clearance less than 120-140 mL/min, serumcreatinine less than 1.5 mg/dL (135 mmol/liter), and glucose in theurine are all correct

6) ACE inhibitors can lower blood pressure because inhibitingACE

a) stops the secretion of renin

b) prevents the formation of angiotensin I

c) prevents the formation of angiotensin II

d)increases the secretion of aldosterone

e)prevents norepinephrine from binding alpha 1 receptors onblood vessels

7) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
1. Hydrogen ions are secreted by Na⁺/H⁺antiporters in the proximal tubules.
2. H⁺ATPases (proton pumps) in the collecting ductssecrete hydrogen ions.
3. Cl^-/HCO₃^- antiporters help withhydrogen ion reabsorption.

8) Which of the following is mismatched?

a)Sodium ions ï¿½ Level is controlled by aldosterone, antidiuretichormone, and atrial natriuretic.

b) Chloride ions ï¿½ Level is controlled by chloride ion leakagechannels and antiporters.

c) Potassium ions ï¿½ Level is controlled by aldosterone.

d) Bicarbonate ions ï¿½ Level is controlled mainly by kidneys.

e) Calcium ions ï¿½ Level is regulated by osmosis.

9) Which of the following statements is correct?

a) In the menstrual phase, follicle stimulating hormonestimulates development of secondary follicles in the ovaries andprostaglandins cause loss of the stratum functionalis.

b)In the preovulatory phase, secondary follicles start tosecrete estrogens and inhibin. One becomes a dominant follicle andsecretes estrogens and inhibin causing decreased FSH secretionleading to atresia of less developed follicles. In the uterus, theendometrium undergoes repair under the influence of estrogens.

c)In ovulation, release of luteinizing hormone causes release ofthe secondary oocyte.

d) In the postovulatory phase, progesterone and estrogens aresecreted by the corpus luteum promote thickening of the endometriumpreparing for implantation. If no pregnancy occurs, progesteroneand estrogen levels drop and menstruation occurs.

e) all of these statements are correct

10)The secretory phase of the uterine cycle is associatedwith

a)increased secretion of progesterone and formation of thecorpus albicans.

b)increased secretion of progesterone and formation of thecorpus luteum.

c) increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and rupture of themature follicle.

d)increased secretion of estrogen and maturation of thesecondary follicle

e) increased secretion of follicle stimulating hormone andovulation.

11) Filtered fluid leaving the glomerular capillariesIMMEDIATELY enters the

a) glormerulus

b) proximal convulted tubule

c) collecting duct

d) glomerular capsule

e) loop of henle

12)Which correctly associates structure with tissue type?

a)PCT: simple cuboidal epithelium consisting of principle cellsand intercalated cells

b)descending limb and thin ascending limb of nephron loop:simple squamous epithelial cells

c) thick ascending limb of nephron loop: simple cuboidalepithelial cells with prominent brush borders of microvilli

d) DCT: simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells

e) collecting duct: stratified cuboidal epithelial cells

13) Regulation of the volume and osmolarity of body fluidsoccurs first in the

a) proximal convoluted tubules.

b) distal convoluted tubules.

c) loop of Henle.

d) glomerular capsule.

e) collecting ducts.

14) Which is NOT True about podocytes?

a) their pedicels form filtration slits

b) they make up the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule

c) they are modified simple squamous epithelial cells

d)all of these choices statements about podocytes are true

15) In the process of forming concentrated urine, symporters inthe loop of Henle cause sodium ions and chloride ions to build upin the renal medulla helping to form the osmotic gradient. ADHincreases reabsorption of water by principal cells in thecollecting ducts.

True or False?

viridianmallard359

BIOC34H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Distal Convoluted Tubule, Tubular Fluid, Proximal Tubule

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