Foods and Nutrition 1021 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Healthy Diet, Good Energy, Vomiting
11 Jun 2018
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Chapter 14
Child, teens and older adults
Nutrients needs throughout life
• Nutrient needs change throughout life into old age, depending on the rate of growth,
gender, activities, etc.
• Nutrient needs vary from individual to individual
• Growth enlarges demand for all nutrients per lb BW
• Infants- have 51% of water weight gain and a lot of fat gain whereas toddlers have less fat
gain and more water gain
Early and Middle Childhood
• The toddle eeds to utitio to suppot goth ad atiit leel….
• Learns to run, jump, climb
• Accumulation of a larger mass, greater density of bone, muscle tissue, & refinement of NS
coordination
• Mentally advancing rapidly
o Nutrition is critical to brain development
• Iease i adult foods
• Milk remains a central source of Ca, PRO, & other nutrients
o Important to limit to 2 cups/day
Feeding a Healthy Young Child
• Energy & protein – if gie a seletio of utitious foods & liited teats, a hild’s iteal
appetite regulation guarantees right amounts of energy intakes
• Need to restrict foods high in added sugars, SAFA, calories
• Eatig Well ith Caada’s Food Guide – provides safe & appropriate goals for diets of
healthy children 2 y & older
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Canadian Stats
• 7 of 10 Canadian children aged 4-8 yrs do not consume the minimum recommendation of 5
servings of Vegetables and Fruit/day
• 37% of Canadian children aged 4-9 yrs do not consume the minimum recommendation of 2-3
servings of Milk Products each day
o Nutrient deficiencies during growth often have far-reaching effects on physical and
mental development
Feeding a healthy Young Child
• Idiidual hilde’s eeg eeds a idel, depedig o goth & PA
• Children need to be fed calories and protein per kg BW
• Need for calories declines in amt/kg BW from the extraordinarily high demand of infancy
• Protein needs increase slightly as child grows larger; needs covered well by typical Canadian
diet
• CHO & fiber – CHO recommendations based on glucose use by brain (min. 130 grams/day)
• Fiber recommendations adjusted downward for picky eaters who take in little energy;
intake = age + 5 gram
• Fat & fatty acids – DRI range of 30-40% of energy for children 1-3 y.o. (25-35% for 4-18 y.o.)
• Fat provides a concentrated source of good energy needed for growth
• EFA provide a means for healthy brain development
• EFA critical to proper development of nerve, eye, & other tissues
• Vitamins & minerals – alaed diet of utitious foods a eet hilde’s eeds, eept
iron
• Iron deficiency – due to switch (from iron-fortified formula & iron-rich foods) to whole milk
& unfortified foods, diminished iron stores, unreliable food consumption
• Iron needed critically for normal brain growth & development; 7-10 mg/d
Mealtimes and Snacking
• Food preferences
o Vegetables tend to be the least favoured
▪ Choose mild flavored, slightly undercooked, crunchy, brightly colored, easy to
eat (carrots, peas, corn)
▪ Allo the hild to dip thei eggies
o Allo soe I do’t like it foods
• Taste test at start of meal when they are most hungry
• Cooked foods served warm, not hot
• Parent is responsible for what the child eat is offered to eat; child decides how much and even
whether to eat
• Choking – adult supervision needed when eating
• Children need to sit when eating; choking most likely when running or reclining
• Avoid round foods (grapes, nuts, hard candies, hot dog); also popcorn, chips, tough meats
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Portion sizes
• Little children prefer small portions of food served at little tables
• Give appropriate portions – do not overwhelm child
• Nutritious snacks – can meet the same nutrient needs as small meals do
• Keep snack foods simple and fun
• Have readily available options: milk, cheese and crackers, fruit and yogurt, vegetable sticks and
bean dip, whole-grain cereals
• Include children in meal choices and preparation
• Parents teach children best by example
• Healthy eating habits & positive relationships with food are learned in childhood
Nutrition and Child Thinking and Behaviour
• Brain functioning is sensitive to borderline deficiencies of some nutrients (folate, vit B, Ca, Fe,
Mg, Se, Zn)
o Children who received multi-nutrient supplements have scored higher on intelligence
tests
o Iron deficiency & behavior
o Less motivated to persist intellectually
o Shorter attention span
o Reduced overall intellectual performance
o Irritable, aggressive, disagreeable, sad & withdrawn
Problem of Lead
Lead poisoning
• Concern because babies love to explore & put everything in their mouth (chips of old paint,
metal pieces; water from old lead pipes)
• Associated with impaired thinking, reasoning, perception; hearing impairments; decreased
growth
• Slowly injures the kidneys, nerves, brain, bone marrow
• May not be noticed until poisoning is far along
• Children absorb more lead
• Because of empty stomach
• If they lack Ca, Zn, Fe, vit C, vit D
• Lead is absorbed and displaces Fe, Ca, Zn from their sites of action in body cells, but cannot
perform their functions
• Check Table 14.4 p 539 of text for prevention tips
Food Allergies
• Allergy (hypersensitivity) – immune reaction to a foreign substance (antigen); body reacts by
producing antibodies, histamine, or other defensive agents
• Most dangerous symptom – anaphylactic shock (life-threatening severe reaction)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Nutrients needs throughout life: nutrient needs change throughout life into old age, depending on the rate of growth, gender, activities, etc, nutrient needs vary from individual to individual, growth enlarges demand for all nutrients per lb bw. Infants- have 51% of water weight gain and a lot of fat gain whereas toddlers have less fat gain and more water gain. Early and middle childhood: the toddle(cid:396) (cid:374)eeds to (cid:374)ut(cid:396)itio(cid:374) to suppo(cid:396)t g(cid:396)o(cid:449)th a(cid:374)d a(cid:272)ti(cid:448)it(cid:455) le(cid:448)el , accumulation of a larger mass, greater density of bone, muscle tissue, & refinement of ns. Learns to run, jump, climb coordination: mentally advancing rapidly, nutrition is critical to brain development. I(cid:374)(cid:272)(cid:396)ease i(cid:374) (cid:862)adult foods(cid:863: milk remains a central source of ca, pro, & other nutrients. Iron deficiency due to switch (from iron-fortified formula & iron-rich foods) to whole milk. & unfortified foods, diminished iron stores, unreliable food consumption. Iron needed critically for normal brain growth & development; 7-10 mg/d.
