BIOL 2021 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Glycosidic Bond, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Citric Acid Cycle

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olivegoat893

9 Jul 2017

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Bubble in the circle marked a if the following statement is true or bubble in the circle marked b if the following statement is false. F: formation of glycosidic bonds results in the elimination of a water molecule, cyclization of d-fructose to form a hemiketal results in the elimination of a water molecule. F: an allosteric effect occurs when the binding of one ligand or substrate influences the binding of a second or additional ligand or substrate. F: d-glucose and d-mannose are epimers, an enzyme of gluconeogenesis which yields atp is phosphofructokinase, nadh is a high energy compound produced by the pentose phosphate. F: in metabolism the three main pathways for energy production are gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. T: peptidoglycans are an essential component of bacterial cell walls, oxidation describes the loss of electrons from an atom, compound or molecule. The enzymatic mechanism of aldolase is shown below.

Related Questions

1. You have the following prokaryotic DNA sequence: 5â²-GGACTAGACAATAGGGACCTAGAGATTCCGAAA-3â² 3â²-CCTGATCTGTTATCCCTGGATCTCTAAGGCTTT-5â² If the top strand is the template strand which sequence below is the correct mRNA transcript? A. 5â²-GGACUAGACAAUAGGGACCUAGAGAUUCCGAAAâ3â² B. 5'-UUUCGGAAUCUCUAGGUCCCUAUUGUCUAGUCC-3' C. 5'-CCUGAUCUGUUAUCCCUGGAUCUCUAAGGCUUU-3' D. None of the above are correct

2.Starting in the cytoplasm with a fully mature mRNA explain the process of translation initiation and then elongation and termination to me.

3.Prior to export from the nucleus, pre-mRNA must be processed. What specifically does this entail?

4.The biosynthetic pathway for the two amino acids E and H is shown schematically in the figure. You are able to show experimentally that E inhibits enzyme V, and H inhibits enzyme X. The most logical hypothesis regarding the regulation of Enzyme T would be that it is most likely subject to feedback inhibition by E alone. True or False?

5. A. kinase B. ligase C. polymerase D. oxido-reductase E. Phosphatase F. protease G. nuclease H. ATPase 1. Removes a phosphate group from a molecule 2. Hydrolyzes ATP 3. Hydrolyzes bonds between nucleotides 4. Adds phosphate groups to molecules 5. Catalyzes reactions in which one molecule is oxidized and another is reduced 6. Hydrolyzes peptide bonds 7. Joins two ends of DNA together 8. Catalyzes the synthesis of polymers such as RNA and DNA

6. Looking at the figure showing the change in reaction rate for two different enzymes that both utilize the same substrate, answer the following questions. a. What is the approximate Vmax for enzyme B ? b. What is the approximate Vmax for enzyme A ? c. What is the approximate Km for the enzyme which has a higher affinity for the substrate uM.

7. Answer the following question either yes or no (spell out the word, do not abbreviate as y or n). Looking at the following coupled reaction: Luciferase luciferin + O 2 ==========> oxyluciferin + light âG = + + Mg2+ ATP <=> AMP + PPi âG = - - - a. Based on your knowledge of free energy change and reactions would this coupled reaction occur ? b. Would changing the second step from ATP<=> AMP + PPi âG = - - - to ATP <=> ADP + Pi âG = - change your answer

7.Spontaneous reactions by definition will happen instantaneously. Why false?

8. Each of the following questions apply to the image of the channel protein. The purple sphere is a charged ion. Type your response to each question in the blank provided. a. Based you on what you know about cells and ions, what does the tri-lobed red and white molecule represent (although there aren't anywhere near enough of them shown) ? b. Since the question stated the purple sphere was a charged particle, using what you know about the tri-lobed red and white molecule what is the charge of the purples sphere c. On the extracellular space, on the right side of the purple sphere, there are two tri-lobed red and white molecules in close proximity to one another. The red of one appears to be attracted to the white of the other. What type of bond is this ? d. Based on your knowledge of proteins that interact with the membrane and the properties of the membrane, to what family of amino acids would the amino acid marked by A. most likely belong? ?

QUESTION 1

A mutation caused by exposure to gamma rays is called a spontaneous mutation

	a.	True
	b.	False
	c.	Sometimes, depending on the type of base change
	d.	Gamma rays do not cause mutations

QUESTION 2

A recessive mutation affecting an essential biochemical pathway can be detected________

	a.	when the organism is heterozygous for that mutation.
	b.	when the organism is homozygous for that mutation.
	c.	in either homozygous or heterozygous conditions.
	d.	only by sequencing (recessive mutations never show a phenotype).

QUESTION 3

During DNA replication, the newly synthesized chain grows by adding

	a.	nitrogenous bases
	b.	the sugar-phosphate backbone
	c.	nucleosides
	d.	dNTPs

QUESTION 4

During replication, the DNA strand 5â- AAGTCTAGCCTAG -3â will serve as a template for the polymerization of:

	a.	5â- CTAGGCTAGACTT -3â
	b.	5â - TTCAGATCGGATC -3â
	c.	5â - GATCCGATCTGAA -3â
	d.	3â - AAGTCTAGCCTAG -5â

QUESTIOn 5

Given the following DNA sequences, select which statement(s) is(are) correct.

Sequence 1:

5â-TGGACGCTAA-3â

3â-ACCTGCGATT-5â

Sequence 2:

5â-AATCGCAGGT-3â

3â-TTAGCGTCCA-5â

Sequence 3:

5â-ACCTGCGATT-3â

3â-TGGACGCTAA-5â

	a.	Sequences 1 and 2 are the same
	b.	Sequences 1 and 3 are the same
	c.	Sequences 2 and 3 are the same
	d.	Sequences 1, 2 and 3 are all different

QUESTION 6

Repetitive sequences in the genome are hotspots for:

	a.	Deamination
	b.	Depurination
	c.	Thymine dimer formation
	d.	Replication errors

QUESTION 7

Select which statement(s) about the Ames test is(are) correct

	a.	it has been designed to understand mutation repair systems in Salmonella typhimurium
	b.	it uses mammalian liver extract
	c.	it allows to study whether chemical compounds or their enzymatic breakdown products are mutagenic
	d.	it is based on whether a chemical compound causes reversion mutations from his+ to his-
	e.	two of the above are correct
	f.	three of the above are correct

QUESTION 8

Select which statement(s) is(are) correct.

	a.	All DNA strands have a direction, and it is specified by the carbons in the sugar backbone.
	b.	All DNA strands have a direction, and it is specified by hydrogen bonds between nucleotides.
	c.	In order to form proper base pairs in a double stranded DNA molecule, the two strands must run in opposite directions.
	d.	A and C are correct.
	e.	B and C are correct.

QUESTION 9

Studies of gene mutation frequencies have shown that:

	a.	mutations are rare, and genomes are generally stable.
	b.	mutation frequencies differ among organisms and also between genes, suggesting certain genes are more susceptible to mutation.
	c.	mutation frequencies are consistent between organisms, and each region of DNA is equally susceptible to random mutations.
	d.	Both A and B are correct.
	e.	Both A and C are correct.

QUESTION 10

The compound 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is a derivative of uracil, and if BrdU becomes incorporated during DNA replication, it pairs with adenine. This compound is best classified as which type of mutagen?

	a.	base analog
	b.	base inducer
	c.	intercalating agent
	d.	oxidative agent
	e.	alkylating agent

QUESTION 11

The rate of mutation of the fruit fly is higher than the rate of mutation of Algae

True

False

QUESTION 12

Thymine dimers are most commonly caused by which of the following?

	a.	X-rays
	b.	Alkylating agents
	c.	U.V. irradiation
	d.	DNA intercalating agents

QUESTION 13

What chemical group is found in the 3â end of a DNA strand?

	a.	an alcohol
	b.	a hydroxyl
	c.	a methyl
	d.	a phosphate

QUESTION 14

What chemical group is found in the 5â end of a DNA strand?

	a.	an alcohol
	b.	a hydroxyl
	c.	a methyl
	d.	a phosphate

QUESTION 15

Which is the correct order of molecules binding to DNA during DNA replication?

	a.	Helicase, SSB, primase, DNA pol III, DNA pol I, ligase
	b.	SSB, DNA pol I, ligase, helicase, DNA pol I, primase
	c.	primase, helicase, DNA pol III, ligase, DNA pol I, SSB
	d.	SSB, helicase, primase, DNA pol III, DNA pol I, ligase

QUESTION 16

Which statement(s) is(are) correct about strand slippage?

	a.	It can cause disorders such as Huntingon disease.
	b.	It is a process that causes mutations altering the number of DNA repeats.
	c.	It is a process that incorporates nucleotide base analogs and trinucleotide repeats.
	d.	a and b are correct.
	e.	b and c are correct.
	f.	a, b and c are correct.

help needed asap.

chocolatesea-lion434

Exercise for writers (F):

Address each of the four following critical thinking areas to the statements listed below (B-F)

(I have already completed (A) so you can use it as a reference)

1. Find the conclusion- try to summarize it short enough so a person driving 65mph could read it on a billboard.

2. Establish the premise-

3. Distinguish between fact, opinion, & reasoned (using both fact & opinion) arguments by evaluating its validity

Validity/Truth of a statement can be made by:

Personal experience, reference of an established authority on subject, internal consistency, plus consistence on facts we already know as true.

4. Distinguish faulty reasoning- which is in every one of the statements!

Please answer #1-4 (listed above) for the each of the following quotes:

F. âBut people talk about cap and tax and they arenât sure exactly what weâre talking about. Letâs get back to step one. What is the problem? Why do we have to have this tax in the first place? Itâs about carbon dioxide. Well, what is carbon dioxide? Letâs just go to a fundamental question. Carbon dioxide, Mister Speaker, is a natural byproduct of nature. Carbon dioxide is natural. It occurs in Earth. It is a part of the regular lifecycle of Earth. In fact, life on planet Earth canât even exist without carbon dioxide. So necessary is it to human life, to animal life, to plant life, to the oceans, to the vegetation thatâs on the Earth, to the, to the fowl that â that flies in the air, we need to have carbon dioxide as part of the fundamental lifecycle of Earth. As a matter of fact, carbon dioxide is portrayed as harmful! But there isnât even one study that can be produced that shows carbon dioxide is a harmful gas. There isnât one such study because carbon dioxide is not a harmful gas, it is a harmless gas. Carbon dioxide is natural. It is not harmful. It is part of Earthâs life cycle. And yet weâre being told that we have to reduce this natural substance and reduce the American standard of living to create an arbitrary reduction in something that is naturally occurring in the earth. Well weâre told the crux of this problem is human activity. Itâs humans that are creating more carbon dioxide! Is that true, or is that false? Well, carbon dioxide is a natural part of Earthâs atmosphere. The carbon dioxide is perhaps three percent of the total atmosphere thatâs in the Earth. So if you take a pie chart, and you have all of Earthâs atmosphere, carbon dioxide is perhaps three percent of that total. What part of human activity creates carbon dioxide? If carbon dioxide is a negligible gas and itâs only three percent of Earthâs atmosphere, what part is human activity? Human activity contributes perhaps three

percent of the three percent. In other words, human activity is maybe 3 percent

contributing to the 3 percent of carbon dioxide thatâs in Earthâs atmosphere. Itâs so

negligible â itâs a fraction of a fraction of a fraction of a percent â that it can hardly

be â be quantified.â (Spoken on the House floor on Earth Day, April 22, 2009, by Rep. Michele Bachmann)

BIOL 2021 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Glycosidic Bond, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Citric Acid Cycle

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