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Which of the following is false regarding the processes of cell death - apoptosis and necrosis? A. Apoptosis results in leakage of cellular components through holes in the plasma membrane B. Atherosclerosis can be caused by inappropriate activation of necrosis C. Necrosis can be induced by heat stress, hypoxia, and pathogen infection D. The contents of apoptotic cells are recycled for the creation of new cellular material

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Related questions

magine that the year is 1928 and the scientific world is in an uproar trying to determine what component of the cell isresponsible for genetic inheritance. Is it DNA, protein, perhaps even RNA? You are busy in your lab, trying to help solve this crucial mystery that still plagues (then) modern day biology. Your work focuses on a microorganism, a bacterium named Streptococcus pneumoniae, and its effects on mice. There are two strains of S. pneumoniae (which is responsible for pneumonia), the “Rough” strain (R) and “Smooth” strain (S). The strains are very similar except the S strain has a smooth polysaccharide coat that enables the microorganism to avoid the organism’s immune system and cause illness (and death in mice). The R strain has a rough coat which is detected and dealt with by the immune system (and as a result causes no death in mice). You decide to perform a series of experiments using the R and S strain of S. pneumoniae involving injections of these strains in mice. Your results are documented in the figure below: living S strain of S. pneumoniae mouse dies of infection living R strain of S. pneumoniae mouse lives mouse lives S strain heat-killed living R strain mouse dies of infection living, pathogenic S strain recovered S strain heat-killed From these results, you figure out that something from the heat killed S strain is transforming the R strain into the virulent strain. What is this “Transforming principle”? Is it related to the cellular component that was passed from one generation to the next? As you know, this was the initial experiment performed by Dr. Frederick Griffith that eventually led to the discovery of the true cellular component that is the genetic inheritance molecule as well as the “transforming principle” (Hint: It’s DNA!).

1. Several experiments were required to demonstrate how traits are inherited. Which scientist or team of scientists first demonstrated that cells contain some component that can be transferred to a new population of cells and permanently cause changes in the new cells?

a. Griffith b. Watson and Crick c. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty d. Hershey and Chase

2. From your results, which one of the cellular components can be determined NOT to be the component responsible for genetic inheritance? Why?

a. Proteins because these macromolecules become denatured with heat. b. DNA because these macromolecules form a single helix in solution. c. RNA because it's double stranded 100% of the time d. Sugars because glycolysis happens.

3. Which one of the following experimental trials below are considered to be controls for this experiment? a. S Strain grown in 10% ethanol medium. b. Living S strain; Living R strain; Heat Killed S Strain c. Living R Strain with heat killed S strain; Living S Strain d. Heat Killed S strain; Living R strain; R strain grown in 10% ethanol medium

4. Which scientist or team of scientists obtained definitive results demonstrating that DNA is the genetic molecule? a. Griffith b. Watson c. Crick d. Hershey and Chase

5. Hershey and Chase used radiolabeled macromolecules to identify the material that contains heritable information. What radioactive material was used to track DNA during this experiment?

a. 3H b. 14C c. 35S d. 32P

6. DNA molecules, like proteins, consist of a single, long polymeric chain that is assembled from small monomeric subunits.

a. True b. False

7. The polarity of a DNA strand results from the polarity of the nucleotide subunits.

a. True b. False

8. There are five different nucleotides that become incorporates into a DNA strand.

a. True b. False

9. Hydrogen bonds between each nucleotide hold individual DNA strands together.

a. True b. False


1. Name two similarities and two differences between thecellular processes of importing

protein into the ER and importing protein to the nucleus.

2. What proteins are directly involved in the transportation ofcargo in a clathrin-coated

vesicle?

a. Dynamin

b. Adaptins

c. Cargo receptors

d. t SNARES

3. Suppose a cell was treated with colchiine, a drug causingmicrotubule disassembly.

What would happen within the cell? Why?

Suppose there were a genetic defect in the genes that code forkinesins and dyneins.

What would happen within the cell? Why?

4. Which of the following are true about microtubules?

a. They are utilized by the disease causing bacteriaLysteria.

b. Instability in the minus-end of the microtubule is caused bythe hydrolization of GTP.

c. Centrosomes contain binding sites for microtubules composed atype of tubulin ring.

d. Cellular concentrations of tubulin are above the criticalconcentration for plus-end

polymerization.

e. Motor proteins can attach organelles to the microtubules.

5. Indicate which of the following statements are false:

a. Membrane fusion is energetically unfavorable and thusrequires ATP or similar high

energy molecule to occur

b. Clathrin is responsible for capturing specific molecules fortransport in coated vesicle

structures.

c. Receptor proteins that are incorporated into an endosome canbe retrieved back to the

membrane domain it originated from; can return to a new domainof the membrane; or

can enter the lysosome for digestion.

d. Transport vesicles occasionally bud from the trans Golginetwork to fuse with the

plasma membrane in a process called constitutive exocytosis.

e. Most components of the endocytic vesicle membrane eventuallyare returned to the

plasma membrane for reuse.

6. Match the following organelles with their function:

Organelle Bank:

a. Mitochondria

b. Endoplasmic reticulum

c. Nucleus

d. Lysosome

e. Endosome

f. Peroxisome

g. Golgi apparatus

_____ quality control of mRNA

_____ location of oxidative phosphorylation

_____ responsible for detoxifying organic molecules (livercells)

_____ houses and protects genetic material

_____ responsible for modification and sorting of proteins andlipids

_____ location of ATP synthesis

_____ responsible for sorting endocytosed materials

_____ site of degradation and digestion

_____ responsible for oxidizing toxic molecules

_____ location of lipid synthesis

_____ location of hormone synthesis (adrenal cells)

B. Which organelle(s) from the above list communicate(s) withother organelle(s)

through the use of vesicular transport? ________________

C. Which organelle(s) from the above list receive proteins madein the

cytosol?___________________

D. Through which organelle(s) must proteins pass to reach theorganelle(s) which do not

receive proteins made exclusively in thecytosol?______________

E. Entrance into which organelle(s) requires that proteinsunfold and snake through the

membrane? _________________

F. How do organelles maintain their position in the cytosol? Bespecific.

G. Give 2 advantages that eukaryotic cells gain by havingorganelles.

7. Which of the following statements are true regardingactin?

a. They are arranged in a

· Question 35

0 out of 2 points

Why is it so difficult to design a vaccine against HIV?

· Question 37

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer ?

· Question 39

2 out of 2 points

Cancer could be caused by _________.

· Question 41

0 out of 2 points

Tumor-suppressor genes _____.

· Question 43

0 out of 2 points

The example of a chromosomal rearrangement that resulted in a ligand-independent form of the EGF receptor results in tumor formation. The gene that encodes the EGF receptor would be classified as?

· Question 44

0 out of 2 points

Cancer can arise from (select all that apply):
1 Gain-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors
2 Loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors
3 Gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes
4 Loss-of-function mutations in oncogenes
5 Loss-of-function mutations in DNA repair genes

· Question 45

2 out of 2 points

Which statement about the Rb tumor suppressor protein is NOT true?

· Question 46

0 out of 2 points

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

· Question 47

0 out of 2 points

Which type of disorder is most difficult to correct by gene therapy?

· Question 48

2 out of 2 points

Gene therapy requires__________.

· Question 49

0 out of 2 points

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because_________.

· Question 50

0 out of 2 points

Genetically engineered plants ________.

· Question 51

2 out of 2 points

How old is the earth thought to be based on radiometric measurements?

· Question 52

2 out of 2 points

Different cell organelles differ from each other in terms of their molecular components and structure. For example, lysosomes are packed with digestive enzymes and function in the degradation or turnover of cellular components. How are lysosomes populated with the digestive enzymes?

· Question 53

2 out of 2 points

Animal cells are protected from their environment by a thin plasma membrane. The membrane must be strong to be protective. What holds the plasma membrane together?

· Question 54

0 out of 2 points

Your lungs and respiratory tract are cleared of particles that you breathe in, such as pollen or other air borne particulates, by the waving motion of cilia lining your respiratory tract. What are the underlying subcellular structures or processes that sponsors this movement in cilia?

· Question 55

0 out of 2 points

What are examples of a cellular oxidation reactions?

· Question 56

0 out of 2 points

Enzyme catalyzed reactions

· Question 57

0 out of 2 points

What metabolite is formed in the terminal step of glycolysis that is taken up my mitochondria?

· Question 58

0 out of 2 points

The ultimate electron acceptor in cellular respiration is _______________, while the ultimate electron donor in the light reactions of photosynthesis is ___________________.

· Question 59

0 out of 2 points

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, the energy from electron transport in mitochondria

· Question 60

0 out of 2 points

Less energy is derived from the fermentation of glucose than from its breakdown by cellular respiration because there is less free energy difference between glucose and the products of fermentation.

· Question 61

0 out of 2 points

Grocery products list the fat and saturated fat content on most processed foods. Saturated fats are thought to be more of problem to human health than unsaturated fats because saturated fats ………

· Question 62

0 out of 2 points

While wading in swallow seawater, you found a jellyfish, picked it up, rinsed it off and put it in a bucket of tap water. What is likely to happen to cells of the jellyfish?

· Question 63

2 out of 2 points

Glucose is one of the important nutrients in meeting the energy needs for the cells in your body. One means by which glucose is taken up by cells is through facilitated diffusion. In facilitated diffusion, glucose is taken up …

· Question 64

0 out of 2 points

If eukaryotic cells didn’t have internal organelles, how would they likely differ?

· Question 65

2 out of 2 points

What is the relationship between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi apparatus?

· Question 66

2 out of 2 points

About how many ribosomes might be found in a typical animal cell?

· Question 67

2 out of 2 points

Some large molecules, such as proteins, are synthesized in the cytoplasm but are required for functions in the nucleus. How do large molecules, such as proteins get into the nucleus?

· Question 68

0 out of 2 points

The free energy change (ΔG) for synthesis of ATP is +7.3 kilocalories/mole and ΔG for the breakdown of glucose is -686 kilocalories/mole. If ~29 ATP molecules are formed from each glucose molecule during cellular respiration, then about how efficient is cell respiration converting the energy from glucose into ATP?

· Question 69

2 out of 2 points

Photosynthesis produces most all the oxygen in the air we breathe. Where does oxygen come from in photosynthesis?

· Question 70

0 out of 2 points

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble hormones and their cell receptors ….

· Question 71

0 out of 2 points

If not all the nuclear DNA in a cell is synthesized during S phase in the cell cycle, then what is to prevent the cell from dividing?

· Question 72

0 out of 2 points

In what direction are DNA strands synthesized?

· Question 73

0 out of 2 points

Replication of your DNA has to be a very faithful to maintain the integrity of your genome. DNA polymerase inserts an incorrect deoxyribonucleotide every 100, 000 bases.

· Question 74

0 out of 2 points

RNA synthesis and processing differs somewhat between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

· Question 75

0 out of 2 points

Translation in prokaryotes

· Question 76

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following processes are important for normal development?

· Question 77

0 out of 2 points

Within an organism, what makes one cell type different from another?

· Question 78

0 out of 2 points

What makes each insect body segment different from another?

· Question 79

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following molecules, structures or organelles is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?

· Question 80

2 out of 2 points

Which answer below places molecules or subcellular structures in the correct order by size, from smallest to largest?

· Question 81

0 out of 2 points

Which statement is correct concerning stem cells in animals and meristems in plants?

· Question 82

0 out of 2 points

Cell differentiation always involves _____.

· Question 83

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is true?

· Question 84

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following properties describes the importance of epithelia in maintaining homeostasis?

· Question 85

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following most accurately describe the concept of “pattern formation” during embryogenesis?

· Question 86

0 out of 2 points

Based on the figure above, showing hemoglobin saturation curves under (A) normal CO2 and (B) elevated CO2 concentrations, which of the following conclusions is true?

· Question 87

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following does NOT require hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to the tissues.

· Question 88

0 out of 2 points

Circulatory systems compensate for _____.

· Question 89

0 out of 2 points

Which observation is evidence for genetic equivalence in plants or animals?

· Question 90

0 out of 2 points

What is the relationship between the endosperm of corn and the cotyledons of beans?

· Question 91

0 out of 2 points

Which factor contributes to driving the flow of water through xylem?

· Question 92

0 out of 2 points

According to the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport, _____.

· Question 93

0 out of 2 points

A bicoid
loss-of-function mutant lacks a head while injection of normal Bicoid+
mRNA into the posterior end of an oocyte produces embryos with 2 heads. This indicates that the normal Bicoid+ gene function is

· Question 94

2 out of 2 points

A molecule that during development provides positional information via a concentration gradient is known as a

· Question 95

0 out of 2 points

An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it _____.

· Question 96

2 out of 2 points

An advantage of cross-pollination is that _____.

· Question 97

0 out of 2 points

When a mammalian embryo implants into the uterine wall, the embryo produces chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, which

· Question 98

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for sexual reproduction in most vertebrates?

· Question 99

0 out of 2 points

Embryonic stem cells have advantages for research and possible therapeutic applications because

· Question 100

0 out of 2 points

Plant development is different from animals because plant development

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