Biology 2581B Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Jamie Oliver'S Food Revolution, Pesticide Resistance, Industrial Revolution
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What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?
| The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains |
| How many children the person had |
| How many conflicts they have been part of |
| The time of year the person died |
| The type of plants they may have been consuming -------------- What is the difference between genetically-modified and transgenic crops?
|
In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?
| It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world. |
| Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists. |
| It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill. |
| It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory. |
| It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies. What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?
|
Choose the single best answer
The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:
| Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen. |
| Disperse seeds. |
| Disperse seeds and defend themselves. |
| Create oxygen. |
| Defend themselves. |
Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:
| Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin. |
| Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin. |
| Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin. |
| Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin. |
| Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity. |
What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?
| How many children the person had |
| The time of year the person died |
| How many conflicts they have been part of |
| The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains |
| The type of plants they may have been consuming |
Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:
| Low within variety and high between variety diversity |
| High within variety and low between variety diversity |
| Low within variety diversity |
| High within variety and high between variety diversity |
| High between variety diversity |
The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:
| Early technologies allowed early agriculturalists the ability to communicate with each other over long distances to discuss what plants were best for domestication. |
| Both already possessed all of the traits needed for domestication |
| Both contain almost all of the amino acids our bodies need to build proteins. |
| Human populations were often starving, and needed an additional food source |
| Only grasses, not legumes, were repeatedly domesticated |
Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:
| Producing the first transgenic plant. |
| His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases. |
| Creating the FlavrSavr tomato. |
| His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation. |
| His discovery of the area of origin for maize. |
______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.
Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?
| A houseplant is moved to a sunnier location and it starts to grow more vigorously. |
| Your pet walks to the door when it hears your car in the driveway. |
| Over time, a gene for disease resistance becomes more frequent in a population of plants. |
| A crop has a higher yield after fertilizer is added. |
| A giraffe with a longer neck survives a drought year, while one with a shorter neck does not. |
In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:
| Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling. |
| A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. |
| The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment. |
| Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture. |
| That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ |
What is the difference between genetically-modified and transgenic crops?
| Genetically-modified crops are produced using modern techniques, while transgenic crops are produced through classical breeding. |
| Transgenic crops are a type of genetically-modified crops, in which scientists have inserted genes from another species. |
| Transgenic crops are illegal, while genetically-modified crops are not. |
| They are the same. |
| Genetically-modified crops are a type of transgenic crop specifically bred for high yield. |
Based on âMorgan: A case of Diabetesâ by Lisa Rubin and Clyde Freeman Herreid (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)
The Patient:
Morgan Water is a 27-year old Native American that lives on a reservation in Oklahoma. Nearly ¼ of Morganâs tribe has diabetes but she has no direct family history of diabetes, heart disease, or other serious conditions. She is however obese (BMI = 32) and leads a sedentary lifestyle. Morgan has been suffering from an increasing persistence of symptoms including unusual thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, and numbness in her right foot. The symptoms have been developing over several months but as she is planning her wedding she attributed them to nerves. She is finally persuaded to see her family doctor. Her non-fasting blood glucose level was elevated so the doctor has her return the next morning for a fasting blood sample so they could more accurately measure her blood glucose and insulin. Her blood results are below:
| Test | Morganâs values | Normal range | Pre-Diabetic range | Diabetic range |
| Plasma glucose, mg/dl | 260 | 70 -139 | 140 - 199 | ⥠200 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 140 | ⤠99 | 100 - 125 | ⥠126 |
| A1C, % | 7.6 | ~ 5 | 5.7 â 6.4 | ⥠6.5 |
| Fasting Insulin, mIU/ml | 34 | 2 - 10 | 10 - 20 | ⥠20 |
The recommendation of Morganâs doctor was to improve her exercise, good nutrition, and weight loss. He recommends meeting with a nutritionist to assist Morgan in her weight loss goals. When Morgan got home and told her family the diagnosis they however had LOTS of suggestions on how she can lose weight. Below is a description of the advice given to her by three family members.
Best friend Savannah:
âYou know how Iâve been losing weight? Well, Iâve been on the Atkinsâ Diet. I heard about it on TV. Itâs great! You get to eat steak, chicken wings, and all the good stuff. All you have to do is limit carbohydrate intake. You should definitely give it a try. This diet has been around for years and it has worked for lots of people, including me.â
*Note: Atkinâs Diet recommends: 10% carbohydrates, 55% fats, 35% protein
Brother Alan:
âI think the best thing for you to do is exercise and stop eating all of that pizza and candy and food filled with fat. Our people never used to eat that junk. I say eat meals that are nutritionally balanced and high in fiber and low in refined sugars and saturated fats. And run a lot. Stop sitting around the house.â
Grandfather:
âMorgan, it is true that it is best to live in harmony and balance â to eat a nutritionally balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, proteins, and âgoodâ fats to meet your bodyâs needs. That is good. But look to your heritage. Our people were never overweight before we started eating âcivilizedâ food. Look to our native diet. I think you should look to traditional herbal remedies for help. What Alan says is true. Exercise is good. But it is sometimes not enough. Our people have always looked to natural medicine for cures. They will lift your spirits and energize you. Then you will lose weight and you will be healthy again. I hear the herbs from the diet shop are safe and good. But you must take them like the medicine label says. It canât hurt to try them.â
*Note: these herbal supplements Morganâs grandfather is recommending contain the herb
ephedra (ephedrine).
Question 5:
Given Morganâs metabolic state, what is the primary fuel source for her cells currently?
A. Carbohydrates (glucose)
B. Fats
C. Proteins
D. It is a balance of all three
Question 6:
Metabolic ketoacidosis is a common problem with diabetics, which is caused by which of the following?
A. Excessive oxidation of fatty acids, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.
B. Excessive oxidation of glucose, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.
C. Excessive oxidation of proteins, leading to an accumulation of ammonia in the blood.
D. Hyperglycemia.
Question 7:
Which weight loss suggestion is designed to achieve some level of ketosis?
A. Atkins Diet
B. Exercise
C. High fiber diet
D. Herbal treatments
Question 8:
One major side effect of the herbal supplement can be hot flashes and increased perspiration due to increased thermogenesis, what is the likely cause of the heat production?
A. Increasing the activity of phosphfructokinase-1.
B. Increasing the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
C. Increasing the activity of citrate synthase.
D. Increasing the activity of uncoupling proteins.
Question 9:
Would substituting fiber and complex carbohydrates (larger % cellulose) for the simple sugars and starches (high sucrose and amylose/amylopectin) help Morgan lose weight, why?
A. Yes, because complex carbohydrates like cellulose are largely indigestible so they pass through
the digestive tract without being absorbed.
B. Yes, cellulose contains less glucose residues than amylose or amylopectin.
C. Yes, because the fructose in sucrose is much more responsible for weight gain than the glucose.
D. No, because cellulose, amylose, and amylopectin are all composed of glucose so it doesnât
matter.
Question 10:
Which weight loss suggestion will lead to an increased need for gluconeogenesis?
A. Atkins Diet
B. Exercise
C. High fiber diet
D. Herbal treatments