HLTB21H3 Chapter : Measles

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13 Mar 2011

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Origin is unknown, rhazes (900ad)(cid:0) thought they came from same cause. Prevailing theory: red rash represented the mother"s menstrual blood that accumulates in womb. Disease was welcomed for children to rid of the so-called poison . Fever and the 3 cs (coryza, cough, conjunctivitis) Droplets and direct contact (from 4 days before until 4 days after rash appears) Highly contagious, human are only host, dependent on a human reservoir. Infants protected if mother had measles during pregnancy. Genus: paramyxovirus(cid:0) group of viruses contain rna, infects respiratory epithelium. Fist to clearly separate measles from small pox. Demonstrated the infective nature of measles, can be transmission by blood. Geographic location ideal for epidemiological study: isolated islands www. notesolution. com. 1963 enders: able to grow virus and produce effective vaccine. 1969: discovery of relationship of measles and rare degenerative disease in nervous system of children called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Prodrome stage (day 0): fever, 3c"s, photophobia, symptoms increase in severity.

Related Questions

30. Microbe-Human Interactions.

a. Define pathogen, disease, normal flora. Under what conditions might a normal flora organism cause disease.

b. What parts of the body should stay absolutely sterile under normal circumstances.

c. How are Kochâs postulates used.

d. Define communicable, non-communicable, acute, chronic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic,

symptomatic, asymptomatic, and subclinical.

e. For a disease to be spread, there must be a reservoir, mode of transmission, and portal of entry.

f. For humans, what is the most significant reservoir.

g. Define : direct contact, droplet transmission, indirect contact, vehicle transmission, arthropod vectors

h. For a microorganism to cause disease, it typically must attach to host tissue, overcome the host defense, and cause tissue damage.What structures are used for attachment.What are some ways in which microorganisms overcome the host immune system.What distinguishes exotoxins from endotoxin.

31. Immune Defenses.

a. What are the major elements of the first, second, and third lines of defense.

b. What are the steps of phagocytosis and inflammation? What are the 3 complement pathways?

c. Which lines of defense are considered specific? Which are considered non-specific?

d. There are two major types of specific immunity, humoral and cell-mediated.

e. Humoral immunity involves B cells and antibodies. What are the major classes and activities of antibodies.

f. Cell mediated immunity involves T cells. What are 2 major types of T cells? What are their activities.

32. Staphylococcus aureus.

a. Gram positive cocci in grape-like clusters.

b. Skin infections (scalded skin syndrome, impetigo) (many other types of infection are also possible).

33. Streptococcus pyogenes.

a. Gram positive cocci in chains.

a. Strep throat, skin/wound infections (impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis âflesh eating diseaseâ), scarlet fever (other types of infection are also possible)

burgundymallard431

Match each of the descriptions given below (symptoms, geographicdistribution, mode of transmission, etc.) with the viral diseasethat is the most likely cause. (Hint: look up all of the virusesand the diseases they cause, then try to do the problem.)

A yellow fever

B herpes (HSV-2)

C measles (rubeola)

D rotovirus

E ebola fever

F rabies

G HPV-16 (human papilloma virus)

H smallpox

1.The patient, who is a sexually active young adult, has genitalwarts.

2. The patient is a baby who was hospitalized because ofdehydration due to severe diarrhea. Patient also displays vomitingand low grade fever. An electronmicrograph of a stool sample showsa nonenveloped virus with an icosahedral symmetry (sort of round)that is about 70 nm in diameter.

3. The disease is an extremely severe hemmorhagic fever that isthought to be transmitted by contact with blood or bodily fluidsfrom an infected person (or possibly an animal but the naturalreservoir for this virus is currently unknown). An electronmicrograph shows the virus to be filamentous. Infections arefrequently fatal with most cases occurring in The Rebublic ofCongo, Zaire and Uganda.

4. The disease is a hemmorhagic fever that is transmitted bymosquitoes. An electron micrograph shows the virus to have anenveloped icosahedral capsid. The disease used to be common in Cubaand Panama. A patient suffers from internal bleeding that resultsin jaundice.

redwallaby916

44.Charlotte touches a doorknob after an individual with MRSA touched the doorknob. Immediately after touching the knob, Charlotte scratches her leg and transmits some MRSA cells into a small wound.The doorknob is functioning as a(n) a. etiologic agent. c. mode of transmission. b. reservoir. d. host. 44.A man infected with a viral respiratory infection sneezes and releases tiny droplets containing viral particles. Two minutes later, a woman breathes in some of these tiny droplets and becomes infected by the same viral infection. The movement of this virus from one individual to another is best described as the a. etiologic agent. c. mode of transmission. b. reservoir. d. host. 45. Although sporadic outbreaks of measles occur in the United States, the disease is considered nonendemic. What differentiates measles from endemic diseases, such as chickenpox? a. Endemic diseases exhibit higher numbers of cases than a sporadic outbreak. b. Diseases that are not endemic lack a reservoir in the area. c. Endemic diseases do not exhibit sporadic outbreaks. d. Diseases that are not endemic remain in reservoirs without infecting humans. 46. Which of the following would indicate efforts to control a disease are working? a. The disease becomes endemic. b. The disease prevalence increases. c. The disease incidence decreases. d. Outbreaks of the disease only occur every other year. 47. Which of the following statements describes one of the three steps of surveillance used for infectious diseases? a. Patients with infectious diseases are required to be seen by a physician at the CDC. b. Physicians are required to submit all patient records electronically to the CDC for review. c. Patient charts are reviewed by an infection control practitioner when an infectious disease is suspected. d. Incidence data is collected in all cases of bacterial infections within the United States. 48. Which of the following lists correctly identifies nosocomial infections from most common to least common? a. urinary tract, pneumonia, septicemia b. pneumonia, urinary tract, surgical wounds c. septicemia, surgical wounds, diarrhea d. diarrhea, urinary tract, pneumonia 49. Mary, an elderly woman with an indwelling catheter, is admitted to a local hospital for treatment of pneumonia. Three days after her admission, Maryâs husband receives a call from the hospital. He is informed that Mary has a nosocomial infection. Which of the following statements is true? a. The nosocomial infection referred to is pneumonia. b. Mary has most likely developed a urinary tract infection. c. Of all hospital patients, 25â30% develop nosocomial infections. d. Maryâs nosocomial infection could have been prevented with improved ventilation. 50. A nurse working in a large hospital harbors MRSA as part of the normal microbiota in his nose. He is most likely the source of a MRSA outbreak if a. infected patients have all had been cared for by this nurse and the isolates are identical. b. the patients are all elderly and the isolates of MRSA are not genetically identical. c. all of the infected patients were seen by the same physician and half of the patients were cared for by this nurse. d. all of the infected patients are on the same floor of the hospital and all have a history of heart problems. 51. Which of the following is NOT an example of aseptic technique? a. use of antiseptic on skin prior to insertion of an IV line b. use of latex gloves during the insertion of an indwelling catheter c. disinfection of doorknobs and other inert surfaces d. use of trash can liners in all patient rooms 52. An individual case of diphtheria, a notifiable infectious disease, in a patient in Florida is confirmed by laboratory testing. This patientâs physician would be required to a. send a letter to the WHO in Geneva, Switzerland. b. contact the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia. c. treat the patient regardless of health insurance status. d. quarantine the patient for eight weeks. 53. Fifteen individuals within one province in China are diagnosed with SARS. Epidemiologists will most likely a. quarantine the entire province immediately. b. contact the CDC in the United States to see if any cases were reported in the United States. c. wait to see if more cases of SARS are reported. d. try to identify the index case. 54. How does vaccinating wild rodents or poultry influence human health? a. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry has no effect on human health. b. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry reduces transmission of zoonotic diseases to humans. c. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry reduces the migration of microbes into temperate regions. d. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry increases the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. 55. Which of the following scenarios would help meet the goal of the One Health Initiative? a. vaccinating poultry against avian influenza to prevent influenza from being transmitted to humans b. taking steps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to reduce the effects of climate change c. providing sanitation after flooding events to prevent gastrointestinal infections in humans d. increasing compliance during antibiotic treatment of tuberculosis patients to prevent emergence of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis 56. If humans continue to develop rapid transportation systems into more parts of the world, we should expect to see a. pandemics tracing the path of the transportation systems. b. an increase in detection of blood-borne pathogens. c. a decrease in human encroachment into tropical rain forests. d. an increase in the spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. 57. How has the AIDS pandemic influenced reemerging diseases? a. AIDS has increased the number of immunocompromised individuals who are susceptible to diseases that were previously declining in developed countries. b. AIDS has led to an increase in the number of disease vectors throughout the world. c. AIDS has increased the prevalence of protozoal and parasitic infections that were declining in underdeveloped countries. d. AIDS has caused evolution to occur in diseases that were close to being eradicated in all countries. 58. Which of the following is likely to occur as a result of climate change? a. Insect vectors will migrate from tropical regions to once-temperate regions. b. Gastrointestinal infections will decrease in tropical regions. c. Microbes currently found in temperate regions will move to tropical regions. d. Extreme weather will decrease and diseases will become less seasonal. 59. What features would allow a virus to be used effectively as a bioweapon? a. a high infectious dose c. person-to-person transmission b. transmission via an insect vector d. quick pathogen detection systems

HLTB21H3 Chapter : Measles

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