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1. Eyes move within their orbits by virtue of extrinsic eyemuscles. Such muscles are innervated by α-motor neurons. The axonsof these neurons are found within cranial nerve pairs III, IV, andVI. Where are the bodies of these motor neurons found?

brainstem motor nuclei

cerebral motor cortex

2. The white matter of the spinal cord is a composite ofdifferent fiber tracts. Different pairs of fiber tracts enablespecific abilities. For example, the corticospinal tractsenable

reflex turning of the head

voluntary motion

3. The vestibulopsinal tracts enable

involuntary posture control

reflex turning of the head

4. The tectospinal tracts enable

involuntary posture control

reflex turning of the head

5. The spinocerebellar tracts enable

central integration of somatic proprioceptor profiles

involuntary posture control

6. Where would you find the tectospinal tracts within bodyspace?

along the length of the cord

only within the cervical spinal cord

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Trinidad Tremblay
Trinidad TremblayLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

Animal Physiology-

1. Our case study included a variety of reflexes, some of which were autonomic reflexes. This means that motoroutput occurred at the level of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or secretory epithelial cells. Autonomic reflexescan be categorized according to the location where motor information exits the CNS. Consequently, thepupillary light reflex is a: (a) parasympathetic reflex (b) sympathetic reflex

11. Each retina contains a layer of ganglion cells. Axons from these neurons project into two regions on eachside of the body midline. Axons that enable vision project into the: (a) mibrain (b) thalamus (c) sensory cortex

13. Where does central integration occur for reflex turning of the head and the pupillary light reflex? (a) sensory cortex (b) midbrain (c) brainstem

16. Is every reflex associated with the head an autonomic reflex? yes or no

17. Is reflex turning of the head an autonomic reflex? yes or no

20. Sympathetic motor output exits the CNS only at the level of the: (a) brainstem and pelvic cord (b) thoracolumbar spinal cord (c) brainstem and cervical spinal cord

22. How many types of motor nuclei are found within the cord? (a) two, i.e. motor and autonomic (b) three, i.e. motor, sympathetic, and parasympathetic

23. How many motor nuclei are found at the level of the thoracolumbar cord? (a) four (b) two

31. Neurons within the intermediolateral nuclei are innervated by axons that project through the bulbospinalfiber tracts. These tracts originate within the: (a) motor cortex (b) midbrain (c) brainstem

33. Are the left and right paravertebral ganglion chains found along the length of the spinal cord? yes or no

1. Any object moving through space (such as an animal’s head)has six degrees of freedom. Three of these aretranslational. This means that motion canoccur along the x-, y-, or z-axis. Simply put, this means movingforwards or backwards, moving sideways, ore moving up and down. Theremaining three degrees of freedom arerotational, i.e. roll, pitch, and yaw.The primary sensory input for motion of the head is enabled bythe

left and right retina in combination with cranial nerve pairII

left and right vestibular apparatus in combination with cranialnerve pair VIII

2. Translational motion is detected by the neuroepithelia ofthe

otolith organs

ampullae within the semicircular canals

3. Rotational motion is detected by the neuroepithelia ofthe

otolith organs

ampullae within the semicircular canals

4. Recall that the vestibulo-ocular reflex enables the eyes toremain fixed on target and that extrinsic eye muscles areinnervated by brainstem α-motor neurons. What role does the mediallongitudinal fasciculus play in the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

central integration

links the vestibular nuclei with brainstem motor nuclei

5. Descending projections from the vestibular nuclei enablepostural adjustments of the head and body. Any stereotypical changein head position that promotes balance ismediated by the vestibulo-cervical reflex. This name stems from thefact that most of the α-motor neurons that control the position ofthe head are located in the motor nuclei of the

brainstem

cervical cord

6. Any stereotypical change in bodyposition that promotes balance is mediated by thevestibulo-spinal reflex. Does this reflex implement the γ-loop?

yes

no

1. Assume you could “look” into the musculature of an animal andwatch neurosecetion as an animal moved. What would you see?

a. dynamic neurosecretionb. dynamic patterns ofneurosecretion

2. The word organ denotes adistinct set of tissues performing one or more specificfunctions. Therefore, this termcan be used to refer to large visceral organs, e.g. the liver, or much smaller structuressuch as otolith organs. In regard to the otolith organs, whatcauses the cilia of their vestibular cells to bend?

a, shear force b.inertia of endolymph

3. Recall that thevestibulo-ocular reflex enables the eyes to remain fixed on targetand that extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by brainstem α-motorneurons. What role does the medial longitudinal fasciculus play inthe vestibulo-ocular reflex?

a. central integration b. links the vestibular nuclei with brainstem motornuclei

4. Descending projections fromthe vestibular nuclei enable postural adjustments of the head andbody. Any stereotypical change in head position that promotes balance is mediated by thevestibulo-cervical reflex. This name stems from the fact that mostof the α-motor neurons that control the position of the head arelocated in the motor nuclei of the

a. brainstem b.cervical cord

5. Any stereotypical changein bodyposition that promotesbalance is mediated by the vestibulo-spinal reflex. Does thisreflex implement the γ-loop?

a. yes b. no

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