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Biology
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13 Dec 2019

The chemical structure of Heroin _________________

A. is similar enough to dopamine so that it is transported into dopamine neuron by the dopamine transporter

B. differs from morphine by two acetyl groups

C. allows it to bind to endocannabinoid CB1 receptors

D. is very similar to Amphetamine

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Elin Hessel
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can someone please answer the following questions with the correct options. thank you

16. some of your duplicate data may have been very variable. What modification would you suggest to get round this problem?

a. Removing obviously wring duplicate data from the analysis

b. with two widely divergent cpm counts in a duplicate set, exclude the single value that doesn’t fit in with the rest of the data and keep the other

c. Treating the erroneous duplicate data as an outlier

d. Have three assay tubes at each deprenyl concentration not two.

19. why it Carbidopa used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease?

a. it is a COMT inhibitor which increases the synaptic levels of dopamine

b. It is a MAO-B inhibitor which increases the synaptic levels of dopamine

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d. It binds to dopamine receptors in the absence of dopamine

e. It preserves L-Dopa in the periphery by blocking dopa decarboxylase

QuestionGroup: #61 HIV/ AIDS2

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Which of the following stages is displayed by a HIV infected patient who has a large number of severe opportunistic infections?

A

Clinically asymptomatic stagelasts for an average of ten years

B

Primary HIV infectionlasts for a few weeks

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Clinical AIDS

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QuestionGroup: #62 HIV/ AIDS3

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How does an Integrase inhibitor work against the HIV virus?

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It prevents viral DNA from being inserted into host DNA.

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It inhibits viral proteins from being inserted into new virus particles.

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It prevents the entry of HIV into the host cell.

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It inhibits the generation of viral DNA from viral RNA.

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QuestionGroup: #63 Drug addiction

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63

Cocaine leads to positive reinforcement to the reward system in the brain because it:

A

Blocks dopamine release

B

Blocks dopamine reuptake

C

Leads to the release of more dopamine in the brain

D

Leads an increase to the reabsorption of dopamine

E

None of these

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QuestionGroup: #64 Drug addiction2

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While playing soccer Jill is kicked in the knee. For the pain to be felt, the sensation must ______________ and is treated by applying to the skin this agent ______________?

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Stay in the knee, ice

B

Go from the knee to the brain, alcohol

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Go from the knee to the spinal cord , morphine

D

Go from the knee to the brain, coffee

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QuestionGroup: #65 Drug addiction3

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One of the common signs of marijuana use is the"munchies" in which the user wants to consume large amounts of food. The best explanation of this phenomenon is which of the following?

A

Marijuana causes an inhibition of appetite in the frontal lobe

B

Marijuana active compound does not directly affect the brain but the stomach causing hunger pangs.

C

Marijuana directly affects the set point for appetite

D

Marijuana affects all systems in the body requiring more energy

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QuestionGroup: #66 Diabetes/obesity

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There is an influx of glucose into the cells when ______________ binds to its receptor and causes ______________ to translocate to the plasma membrane of the cells.

A

Insulin, Glut-4 transporter

B

Insulin, glycogen-4 transporter

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Glucose, Glut-4 transporter

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Glycogen, Insulin-4 transporter

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QuestionGroup: #67 Diabetes/obesity2

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The energy in the food you eat, is transferred to the cytochrome system in the mitochondria by a process of:

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Oxidation of FADH

B

Reduction of FAD

C

Oxidation of both NADH and FADH

D

Oxidation of NADH

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Reduction of both NAD and FAD

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QuestionGroup: #68 Diabetes/obesity3

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68

Blood glucose levels are regulated by which of the following?

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Anabolic hormones

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Insulin

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Catabolic hormones

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Glucagon

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All of these

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QuestionGroup: #69 You and the environment

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Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. When it dissolves in the ocean what occurs?

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Ocean become more basic

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Ocean becomes more acidic

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Depending on the initial pH of the ocean, it will become more basic or acidic

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None of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reaches the oceans. They oceans are normally a neutral pH of 7.0

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QuestionGroup: #70 You and the environment2

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Which of the following best describes the biosphere?

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The encompassing of all living and nonliving things.

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The lowest level of the atmosphere, sea level

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Vegetation on the land surface and both plant and animal life in the oceans

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The spherical shape of the earth itself

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a drug that blocks voltage-gated potassium channels. What effect would this have on an action potential?

(a)Prevent the rising phase

(b)Prevent the cell from reaching the threshold to trigger an action potential

(c)Prevent or prolong the falling phase

(d)None of the above

The hyperpolarization phase of the action potential is due to:

(a)The opening of voltage-gated Cl- channels

(b)Prolonged opening of voltage gated K+ channels

(c)The closure of resting Na+ channels

(d)Rapid inactivation of voltage-gated K+ channels

The period when it is difficult to initiate another action potential for several milliseconds due to voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation is referred to as the:

(a)Relative refractory period

(b)Absolute refractory period

(c)Resting period

(d)Hyperpolarization period

In the human central nervous system, Gap junctions are found:

(a)Only between neurons

(b)Only between astrocytes

(c)In both neurons and astrocytes

(d)In all cells

Small molecule transmitters such as acetylcholine are synthesized in:

(a)The nerve terminal

B) The cell body and transported to the nerve terminal

C) Synaptic vesicles

D) Endoplasmic reticulum

Prior to Otto Loewi’s classical experiment, which of the following was not known:

(a)stimulation of the vagus nerve slows the heart

(b)extracts of frog heart, made following vagal nerve stimulation, slow the heart

(c)some acetylcholine effects are similar to those produced by muscarine

(d)vagal nerve stimulation releases a substance which slows the heart

Which of the following is most important in determining if neurotransmission is excitatory or inhibitory?

(a)The structure of the synapse

(b)The neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron

(c)The neurotransmitter receptor

(d)The strength of the stimulus

Benzodiazepines such as Valium allosterically regulate GABA receptors by:

(a)Binding at receptor sites other than the transmitter binding site

(b)Binding at the transmitter (GABA) binding site on the receptor

(c)Blocking the action of the endogenous transmitter

(d)Mimicking the action of the endogenous transmitter

GABA-A receptors are ligand-gated Cl- channels. The equilibrium potential of Cl- is -65 mV. At the neuronal resting membrane potential of -65 mV, GABA binding to the GABA-A receptor would result in the opening the Cl- channel, resulting in:

(a)no net flow of Cl- ions

(b)Cl- inflow and hyperpolarization

(c)Cl- outflow and depolarization

(d)Cl- outflow and hyperpolarization

At the mammalian neuromuscular junction, the released neurotransmitter acts on:

(a)muscarinic receptors

(b)nicotinic receptors

(c)adrenergic receptors

(d)Beta receptors

Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles by:

(a)endocytosis following transmitter release

(b)presynaptic membrane transporters

(c)vesicular transporters

(d)all of the above

. Which of the following are NOT types of ion channels?

Voltage-gated

(a)Ligand-gated

(b)G protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-gated

(c)Leak channels

(d)NONE of the above

NMDA receptors are unique in that their ion channel is:

(a)Ligand-gated

(b)Voltage-gated

(c)Ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels

(d)GPCR-gated

. Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding Catecholamine neurotransmitters

(a)Includes Dopamine, Norepinerphrine, and Epinephrine

(b)Contain a Catechol Ring

(c)Synthesized from Tryptophan

(d)Are produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the upper brainstem

The largest and most diverse group of receptors in eukaryotes is:

(a)Ligand gated receptors

(b)Glutamate receptors

(c)G-Protein coupled receptors

(d)Allosteric receptors

The most abundant G-protein coupled receptor in the brain is:

(a)Glutamate receptors

(b)Acetylcholine receptors

(c)Cannabinoid receptors

(d)Dopamine receptors

Which of the following drugs DOES NOT block voltage-gated Na+ channels

(a)Lidocaine

(b)Riluzole

(c)Reserpine

(d)Tetrodotoxin

Sarin, a nerve gas, exerts its toxicity by:

(a)blocking nicotinic receptors

(b)inhibiting choline acetyltransferase

(c)inhibiting acetylcholinesterase

(d)inhibiting voltage-gated Na+ channels

Botulinum Toxin (BoTox) interferes with transmitter release by:

(a)cleaving protein(s) involved in transmitter release

(b)blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

(c)blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels

(d)blocking voltage-gated K+ channels

Atropine is:

(a)An agonist of the acetylcholine ionotropic receptor

(b)An antagonist of the acetylcholine ionotropic receptor

(c)An agonist of the acetylcholine metabotropic receptor

(d)An antagonist of the acetylcholine metabotropic receptor

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