MGHB02H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Goal Setting
19 Jul 2010
School
Department
Course
Professor
WHY STUDY MOTIVATION?
• Motivation is one of the most traditional topics in organizational behaviour
• To increase productivity and to be globally competitive
WHAT IS MOTIVATION?
• When someone is motivated, it means they are
o Working hard
o They keep at it
o They direct their behaviour toward appropriate outcomes
Basic Characteristics of Motivation
• Motivation is the extent to which persistent effort is directed toward a goal
Effort
• The amount of effort the person exhibits on the job
• Involves different kinds of activities for different jobs
Persistence
• The persistence that individuals exhibit in applying effort to their work tasks
• People are not persistent if they work hard for 2 hours and goof off for 6 hours
Direction
• Effort and persistence refer to quantity of work
• the direction of the person’s work-related behaviour refers to quality of work
• working smart as well as working hard
Goals
• all motivated behaviour has some goal or objective toward which it is directed
o goals might include: high productivity, good attendance, or creative decisions
o goals harmful to the organization: absenteeism, sabotage, and embezzlement
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation stems from the direct relationship between the worker and the task; it is
usually self-applied
o Feelings of achievement, accomplishment, challenge and competence
o Avid participation in sports and hobbies outside of work
www.notesolution.com
• Extrinsic Motivation stems from the work environment external to the task and is usually
applied by someone other than the person being motivated.
o pay, fringe benefits, company policies, and supervision
• research studies have reached the conclusion that the availability of extrinsic motivators can
reduce the intrinsic motivation stemming from the task itself
o When extrinsic rewards depend on performance, the motivating potential for intrinsic
decreases
o People believe that their performance is controlled by environment, and they only
perform well because of money
o However, research shows, only this occurs under very limited conditions, easily
avoidable
Motivation Performance
• Performance can be defined as the extent to which an organizational member contributes to
achieving the objectives of the organization
o Contributing factors:
! amount, persistence, direction of effort
! motivation, personality, general cognitive ability, task understanding,
emotional intelligence, chance
• intelligence (or mental ability) also contributes to performance, two important ones are
general cognitive ability and emotional intelligence
General Cognitive Ability
• cognitive ability refers to what most people call intelligence
• General Cognitive Ability is a person’s basic information processing capacities and
cognitive resources
o Reflects individuals overall capacity and efficiency for processing information, and
abilities such as verbal, numerical, spatial, and reasoning abilities
o Measured by a number of specific aptitude tests
o Predicts learning and training success
o Better predictor of performance for more complex and high-level jobs
Emotional Intelligence
! Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to understand and manage one’s own and other’s
feelings and emotions
o Perceive and express emotion
o assimilate emotion and thought
o understand and reason about emotions
o manage emotions
! EI Model of 4 skills in sequential steps that form a hierarchy
o The perception of emotion:
! Ability to perceive emotions and to accurately identify one’s own emotions
and the emotions of others
www.notesolution.com
o The integration and assimilation of emotions
! Ability to use and assimilate emotions and emotional experiences to guide and
facilitate one’s thinking and reasoning
! Being about to shift one’s emotions and generate new emotions that can help
one see things in different ways and from different perspectives
o Knowledge and understanding of emotions
! Being able to understand emotional information, the determinants and
consequences of emotions, and how emotions evolve and change over time
! Understand how different situations generate different emotions
o Management of emotions
! Ability to manage one’s own and other’s feeling and emotions as well as
emotional relationships
! Able to regulate, adjust, and change their own emotions as well as other’s
emotions to suit situation
! Some EI studies predicts performance on job and in academics, some say there is no relation
! Motivational interventions such as link pay to performance, will not work if employees are
deficient in important skills and abilities
NEED THEORIES OF WORK MOTIVATION
! Need theories are motivation theories that specify the kinds of needs people have and the
conditions under which they will be motivated to satisfy these needs in a way that contributes
to performance
! NEEDS " BEHAVIOUR " INCENTIVES AND GOALS
! Need theories are concerned with what motivates workers
! Process theories are concerned with how various factors motivate workers
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
! Physiological Needs: include the needs that must be satisfied for the person to survive, such
as food, water, oxygen, and shelter
! Safety Needs: include needs for security, stability, freedom from anxiety, and a structured and
ordered environment, comfortable work environment, pension plans, safe work conditions
! Belongingness(Social) Needs: include needs for social interaction, affection, love,
companionship, and friendship, friendly and supportive supervision, opportunity for
teamwork
! Esteem Needs: include needs for feelings of adequacy, competence, independence, strength,
and confidence. Opportunity to master tasks leading to feelings of achievement, rewards,
promotions, job titles
! Self-actualization Needs: desire to develop one`s true potential as an individual to the fullest
extent and to express one`s skills, talents, and emotions. Includes absorbing jobs with
potential for creativity
www.notesolution.com
Document Summary
Why study motivation: motivation is one of the most traditional topics in organizational behaviour, to increase productivity and to be globally competitive. What is motivation: when someone is motivated, it means they are, working hard, they keep at it, they direct their behaviour toward appropriate outcomes. Basic characteristics of motivation: motivation is the extent to which persistent effort is directed toward a goal. Effort: the amount of effort the person exhibits on the job. Involves different kinds of activities for different jobs. Persistence: the persistence that individuals exhibit in applying effort to their work tasks, people are not persistent if they work hard for 2 hours and goof off for 6 hours. Direction: effort and persistence refer to quantity of work, working smart as well as working hard the direction of the person"s work-related behaviour refers to quality of work.
