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Introduction to Biology: Principles of Ecology and Evolution
University of California - Davis
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Browse the full collection of course materials, past exams, study guides and class notes for BIS 2B - Introduction to Biology: Principles of Ecology and Evolution at University of …

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Mark Schwartz; Sharon Strauss

Laci Gerhart-Barley

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Class Notes

Taken by our most diligent verified note takers in class covering the entire semester.

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Lyme Disease, Borrelia, Environmentalism

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Lyme Disease, Conservation Biology, Zoonosis

Ecology : the study of interactions among organisms and their environment. Goal: determine the biological and physical factors that determine the distr

BIS 2B Lecture 1: BIS2C Lecture 1: Introduction to the Tree Of Life

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Cannibalism, Golden Toad, Greenland Ice Sheet

Bis 2b - introduction to biology (lecture/lab/discussion) diff. Office hours: wed. 1:30-3:00 1089 sciences lab building (aka the blc) Office hours: mon

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Conservation Biology, Environmental Factor

Bis 2b lecture #1 - intro to ecology and evolution. The study of interactions between organisms and their environment; the goal being to determine the

BIS 2B Lecture 1: BIS 2B Discussion 1

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Lyme Disease, Environmentalism, Quadrat

Study of interactions between organisms and environ. Goal is to determine biological / physical factors that determine distribution & abundance of spec

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Lyme Disease, Species Evenness, Species Richness

Key: black: broad topics blue: main detail green: definitions red: examples. What is ecology: the study of interactions among organisms and their envir

BIS 2B Lecture 1: bis 2b lecture 1

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Species Problem, Carl Linnaeus, Thermal Equator

No single definition can be apply to every group of organisms. But one way we categorized species is called morphological species concept. Morphologica

BIS 2B Lecture 2: BIS2C Lecture 2:Tree Concepts i

BIS 2B Lecture 2: Bis002B

Is a species? no definition of species fits every organism. Morphological species - individuals are species because grouped they. Into look alike binom

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Hadley Cell, Thermal Equator, Isthmus Of Panama

Morphological species : individuals that are grouped into species based on their similar physical appearance. Works well when each species" characteris

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Carl Linnaeus, Binomial Nomenclature, Cool Air

No single definition to apply to all types. But every naturalists has that feeling of understanding. Most can agree that: separately evolving lineage t

BIS 2B Lecture 3: Lecture 3 Notes Functional Diversity pg 5

BIS 2B Lecture 3: pg 2 lec 3

BIS 2B Lecture 3: pg 1 lec 3

BIS 2B Lecture 3: Lecture 3 Functional Diversity pg 4

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: C3 Carbon Fixation, C4 Carbon Fixation, Stoma

Functional diversity: adaptations of organisms to their environment. Functional diversity: acquiring resources, defence against predators, life histori

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Great American Interchange, Isthmus Of Panama, Oceanic Trench

Continue from last lecture similar fossils across different continents vicariance. Wallace"s line = biotic interchange and its limits there"s a line ri

BIS 2B Lecture 3: BIS 2B Lecture 3

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Stoma, Chlorophyll, Succulent Plant

Wallace"s line : deep ocean trench that divides two regions of the archipelago and creates a great contrast in the biodiversity that has prevented biol

BIS 2B Lecture 3: pg 3 lec 3

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Great American Interchange, Isthmus Of Panama, Oceanic Trench

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Allopatric Speciation, Speciation, Sugarcane

Many fossils of the same species were found in different continents which. October 1, 2018 suggest that the land masses were once conjoined (pangaea).

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Thermoregulation, Melanin, Cannibalism

So continuing from unit 3 about ectotherms and endotherms, we now discuss why it"s important to maintain body temperature. The shape of the enzyme depe

BIS 2B Lecture 4: BIS 2B Lecture 4

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Camouflage, Arctic Circle, Ecological Niche

E(cid:458)ample:2(cid:268)o(cid:401)al: s(cid:459)m(cid:267)iont- li(cid:452)e in, (cid:453)ith, o(cid:401) on anothe(cid:401) o(cid:401)(cid:307)anism

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Filter Feeder, Archerfish, Symbiosis

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Exponential Growth, Carrying Capacity, Logistic Function

Factors influencing whether a population grows or shrinks. Exponential growth and how we write that mathematically. Factors that influence population g

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Cannibalism, Stoma, Transpiration

Ectotherms rely on morphological and behavioral mechanisms of temp. regulation. Endotherms also regulate body temp using behavioral mechs, but they jus

BIS 2B Lecture 5: BIS 2B Lecture 5

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Avocado, Cannibalism, Stoma

Shape of an en yme depends on its temp. En ymes have optimal temperatures in which they work most efficiently. )e maintain our body temperature so that

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Life Table, Survivorship Curve, Demographic Transition

: the study of vital statistics (birth, death) of a population and how they vary with. Continuing from unit 6, we now talk about how we can estimate r

BIS 2B Lecture 6: BIS 2B Notes - Lecture 6

Population - a group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed. Population density - number of individuals per unit area. Usually refer nu

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Exponential Growth, Logistic Function, Negative Number

Population: number of individuals of the same species in a given time and place (from a evolutionary standpoint: interbreeding) Population density: num

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Catastrophism, Comparative Anatomy, Exponential Growth

A lot about the mechanisms of theory of evolution by natural selection and evidence that. Tiny bit about alternative ideas to evolution by process of n

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Logistic Function, Exponential Growth, Habitat Destruction

Is a constant representing the per capita growth rate. It is also called the intrinsic rate of increase. For an exponentially growing population, the p

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Logistic Function, Life Table, Reaction Rate Constant

Dn/dt = rn nt = n0ert r = constant that represents oer capita growth rate / aka intrinsic rate of increase. Growth rate constant and density independen

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Carl Linnaeus, Georges Cuvier, James Hutton

Theory of evolution foundations of the theory (what darwin had to work with) two insights: Carolus linnaeus created latin binomial naming system classi

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Exponential Growth, Selective Breeding, Catastrophism

Be able to categorize leading thinkers of the day on their view on evolution. The fossil record shows changes over time within particular locations- Bo

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: James Hutton, Paleontology, Exponential Growth

Learning goals: understand the history of evolutionary belief, know how to categorize the leading thinkers and their view on evolution, cuvier, lamarck

BIS 2B Lecture 9: BIS 2B BIO LECTURE 9

In order for natural selection to drive evolution: Individuals must reproduce to form the next generation. We need to have multiple generations of orga

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Heredity, Blending Inheritance, Gregor Mendel

10/15 continue natural selection, start midterm 2 lectures diff. Office hours: wed. 1:30-3:00 1089 sciences lab building (aka the blc) Office hours: mo

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Punnett Square, Mendelian Inheritance, Gamete

Each gamete contains only one factor, but zygote contains two - the zygote is produced from fusion of two gametes. When any individual produces gametes

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Punnett Square, Gamete, Zygote

Mendel"s inference from the results of monohybrid crosses: (pollen/sperm or egg) contains only one factor , but the zygote contains two - the zygote is

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Allele Frequency, Quantitative Genetics, Probability Distribution

Locus 1- where or not color is expressed: expression is dominant, hence all individuals carrying two c alleles show no pigment. Locus 2- what color is

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Mendelian Inheritance, Allele Frequency, Tyrosinase

Yes, most traits are polygenic with environ effects on expression. Nilsson-ehle (1909): effects of multiple loci on wheat chaff color. 3 loci (a, b, a)

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Dihybrid Cross, Allele Frequency, Genotype Frequency

Imagine that you have three loci, each has two alleles that sort independently: yellow/green (y/y) peas; smooth/wrinkled (ss) peas; purple flowers/whit

BIS 2B Lecture 12: Problems to HW Deviation

Rryy rryy rryy: you have a self-compatible plant that exhibits three traits: flower color (yellow - y); leaf shape (entire -e); and seed shape (round -

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Allele Frequency, Gene Flow, Malaria

Mutations rare on a per locus basis usually deleterious point or chromosomal, multiple forms of each integral for evolution. If as heterozygosity confe

BIS 2B Lecture 13: Gene Flow to Natural Selection, Discussion 4

Point or chromosomal, multiple forms of each (no need to know) integral for evolution. Movement of alleles into or out of pop. Each locus in gamete has

BIS 2B Lecture 14: Natural Selection and Genetics

Midterm #2 = november 14 content: 10/15 lecture 9 - 11/9 lecture 20, plus all the discussion in between. Problem sets for mendelian and pop. genetics g

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Stabilizing Selection, Birth Weight, Heritability

Case studies of natural selection in action finches : weather event (hard selection event) Bumpus" caused extreme mortality small birds preferentially

BIS 2B Lecture 15: Sexual Selection

Continue from last section: cooperation - kin selection: (relatedness x benefits) > costs. Altruism: benefit to self > cost to self. When decidin

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: White Feathers, Allele Frequency, Kin Selection

: benefit to self > cost to self. Theme of today"s lecture: if natural selection acts on random mutations that occur at low frequencies, Yet paleontolo

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Species Problem, Ecological Speciation, Speciation

BIS 2B Lecture 16: BIO

Natural selection: the differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by individuals (and their genotypes) belonging to a population. Se

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Anagenesis, Cladogenesis, Phylogenetic Tree

Anagenesis - (put that words roots to good use) "the act of up/back/again producing" / one path of changing form, within-lineage change. Nat select + r

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Anagenesis, Phylogenetic Tree, Cladogenesis

Creation of species does not always include isolation and bifurcation. Time can result in accumulated changes such that individuals in the present woul

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Logistic Function, Functional Response, Exponential Growth

11/5 interspecific interactions - intro plus predation diff. Intraspecific = interactions between members of same species. Determine distribution and a

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Herbivore, Commensalism, Conditionality

Building from what we know about single species and layering on interactions with other species Learn how we classify different types of species intera

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Interspecific Competition, Allopatric Speciation, Character Displacement

Organisms with favored traits survive better and reproduce more than those without these traits and thus leave more offspring (this leads to adaptive e

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Myxoma Virus, Interspecific Competition, Chromosome

If interspecific interaction affect fitness, then they can be agents of nat select. favored traits = better survivability reproduction. Unfavored trait

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Interspecific Competition, Character Displacement, Commensalism

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Commensalism, Conditionality

To fix approach to character displacement, experimentally manipulate which individuals are being exposed to competition in which kinds of environments

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Zygosity, Exponential Growth, Reproductive Isolation

Remember this: p q p pp = p2 q pq pq qq = q2. Hw equilibrium equation: q2 + 2pq + p2. If at hw equilibrium, we expect 2 * p * q for heterozygous with s

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Propagule, Pioneer Species, Species Pool

Lecture 21: succession and food webs communities - collections of species in same place. > who arrives at the location and interacts. > compositi

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 22: Primary Production, Ecological Speciation, Niche Differentiation

Number of species in a region function of ecological and evolutionary processes speciation + dispersal (immigration) - extinction (local or global) + e

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Sequoia Sempervirens, Shrubland, Competitive Exclusion Principle

Water limitation causes vegetation to be limited in photosynthetic output / primary production / growth. Dry vegies, warm temps, low humidity " flammab

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Green Algae, Nitrogen Cycle, Eutrophication

Eutrophication can cause green algal growth; too much p can cause impaired surface water quality, ocean dead zones, limits to freshwater productivity c

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Ocean Acidification, Exponential Decay, List Of Knot Terminology

I was a couple seconds late to class diff. Continue from last lecture: carbon in ocean " ocean acidification. Primary decomposers of dead animals and p

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Paleozoic, Permian, Cellular Respiration

Oxygen the first time o2 appeared, it was poisonous to anaerobic prokaryotes, but they evolved ability to metabolize it. Advantages: aerobic metabolism

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 27: Controlled Burn, Plate Tectonics, Allopatric Speciation

Over simplified solution sets to wildfires (part that will be test material) Get better at stopping wildfire: idea: ?, challenge: we don"t have any goo

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 27: Homo Erectus, Neanderthal, Anthropocene

Professor will provide dates, periods, events (about 10), and we match period to age in order. Continue from last lecture: climate change driven by con

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 28: Niche Differentiation, Decomposer, Lignin

12/7 review for the final, the last lecture. How do r and k selected species relate to succession? r selected colonize the area, can reproduce a lot, d

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 28: Phosphorus Cycle, Denitrification, Nitrification

It is estimated that 1 kg of phosphorus can result in the growth of 360-700 kg"s of green algae. Phosphorus goes through organic cycle and is deposited

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 29: Lignin, Decomposer, Permafrost

Excess carbon going into the ocean and why it"s a big issue . Carbon dioxide interacts with water to form carbonic acid - this carbonic acid reduces th

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 30: Cellular Respiration, Paleozoic, Extinction Event

Lecture 30 (look at textbook (24. 1) to track lecture subjects) Hadean, 4. 5-4. 6 billion years ago- life not yet present. Archean, 3. 8 billion years

BIS 2B Lecture Notes - Lecture 31: Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, Homo Erectus, Neanderthal

List of provided dates, periods, and events that you will need to know. Be able to match the event to the period and the age and put them in order. Afr