Homework Help for Biology

My professor talked about Eye Movements but did not really goover the sub-points about:

Vergence Movements

Vestibulo-ocular Reflex

Efference Copy

Can anyone elaborate on these three points?

Some people suffer from adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.ADA is an enzyme necessary for the immune systems T-cells tofunction properly. Helper T-cells activate B cells which secreteantibodies which are proteins that help fight against infection.When ADA is lacking due to an autosomal recessive mutation, theimmune system is extremely impaired and afflicted individuals aresusceptible to chronic infections. There are several differenttechniques that have been utilized in an attempt to treat ADAdeficient individuals: Chelsea received a bone marrow transplantfrom her father at four months of age. His healthy cells populatedher bone marrow, replacing her defective cells with normal, healthycells that produce the needed enzyme. She is now doing quite welland has functioning T and B cells in circulation. Michael receivedADA manufactured using recombinant DNA technology. Unfortunately,the enzyme stays in the blood for only a few minutes before beingbroken down - not long enough to restore immunity. Michael hassince passed away from a fatal viral infection. Shelley wasselected for gene therapy when a bone marrow donor could not befound for her. Her T-cells were separated and treated with aretrovirus which delivered a functional ADA gene to the T-cells.These T-cells were then re-infused back in to her body. Her immunesystem gradually began to function, but the treatment had to berepeated every few weeks as the genetically altered T-cells beganto die off. Todd had gene therapy like Shelley, but it wasperformed on hematopoietic stem cells from his bone marrow ratherthan on mature, circulating T-cells. Todd soon had many normallyfunctioning T cells and antibodies circulating in his blood for thevery first time. He even grew tonsils, which are typically absentin folks with ADA deficiency. Todd's ADA activity rose to 25% ofnormal levels, enough to provide limited immunity. To date hehasn't required any additional gene therapy.

Shelley needed to repeat her treatment (gene therapy) whereTodd and Chelsea did not because:

1) a mutation occurs in which an AAA codon, which signifieslysine, into AGA which signifies a chemically similar amino acidarginine. This is an example of a ____ mutation?

a) conservative nonsynomous b) frameshift c)nonsense d) conditional e) silent

It has to be neutral mutation, but the option for neutral is notgiven... would it be conditional?

2) Which of the following types of inheritance could account foran affected male having all affected daugters but no affectedsons?

a) autosomal recessive b) autosomaldominant c) Y-linked d) X-linkedrecessive e) X-linked dominant

it has to be dominant... so its either b or e?

3) The site where RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template iscalled the ____ sequence.

Explain the role of malonyl CoA in fatty acid catabolism andanabolism.